Lung Cancer Research Paper

Question1. In approximately 500 words, describe the routhes and mechanisms of the spread of lung cancer. Metastasis is a term referring to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary site to a distant site characterised by increased proliferation and invasiveness of the tumour cells (Engelking & cady,2008). It occurs in the final stage of cancer development and is least responsive to cancer treatment, contributing to the most common cause of death in cancer patients (Stafford,Vaidya,& Welch,2008). Therefore, it is considered to be a lethal, serious problem (Brooks,Lomax-Browne, Carter,Kinch,&Hall,,2010). The progression of tumour cell is attributed to genetic instability and mutation, by which the property of tumour
Also it is supposed that the diminished cell to cell adhesion within tumour cells permits the disaggregation and dissemination of tumour cells (Brooks et al,2010). The disaggregated tumour cells enter the circulation system, travelling throughout the body as a single cell or a group of cells and attach to the tissue of secondary site (Chambers,Groom,&McDonald,2002). However, not all the circulating tumour cells survive and succeed the attachment process (Stafford et al.,2008). Once the detached fragments of tumour cells enter the blood stream or lymphatic channel, they encounter the host defence of the body such as macrophages or natural killers (Engelking,2008). In addition to the host defences, the tumour cells can also be destroyed by the mechanical trauma including the turbulence of blood flow and shear forces (McCance&Barnette,2006). So the tumour cells must escape the immune system of the body and survive the local environment to reach the target cell (Brooks et al.,2010). According to Nash,Turner,,Scully,and Kakkar(2002), the tumour cells travelling as a single cell are more likely to be
Anxiety, depression accompanied by fatigue caused by cancer commonly occur and may increase the desire for hastened death, especially in the patients within terminal stage of cancer (Kroenk,2010). There are various factors affecting patient’s psychological status. Uncontrolled pain is one of the common cause of anxiety and depression, and there are also the availability of significant others, age at the time of diagnosis, the extent of disease, or post experience with cancer (Engelking,2008). As for Mrs. Parker, the given diagnosis of cancer must have been a crisis since she had not thought of the cancer before she was informed. She would have realised that the terminal stage indicates the loss of control over her life and the slow but painful approach to death. Moreover, she already had negative experience of cancer from losing her husband because of it and this time, she lost her son as well because of her own cancer. There is no one to support her or to whom she could express her feelings. She must have not adapted to her situation and this is expressed as anger. She also reports feelings of despair and emptiness. In the Parker case pharmacological treatment or psychotherapeutic interventions, or both of them could be implemented (Bennet, Goldstein,Lloyd, Davenport, & Hickie,2004). Methylphenidate has been proved to be effective