LOQ2

2.1 The Nature of Matter
1. Within the typical atom, there are three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons (as seen in the Helium atom below). Other particles exist as well, such as alpha and beta particles (which will be discussed later on). Most of an atom's mass is in the nucleus, a small dense area at the center of every atom formed by nucleons. Nucleons are protons and neutrons. All of the positivity of an atom is contained in the nucleus, because the protons have a positive charge. Neutrons are neutral, meaning they have no charge. Electrons, which have a negative charge, are located outside of the nucleus. Found @ http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom/Sub-Atomic_Particles
2. Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers to detect molecular changes or to destroy abnormal or infectious cells. Found @ Pg.22 Essentials of Biology Third Edition
3. It depends on how many electrons are in their outer ring called valence electrons. They want to have a full outer ring so they will become more reactive if they only need a few. Found @ wiki.answers.com
4. In ionic bonding, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in covalent bonding, atoms are bound by sharing electrons to attain stable electron configurations. Found @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond#Comparison_with_covalent_bonding
5. There are many types of chemical bonds and forces acting together to bind molecules together. The two most basic types of bonds are characterized as either ionic or covalent. In ionic bonding, atoms transfer electrons to each other. Ionic bonds require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor. In contrast, atoms that have the same electronegativity share electrons in covalent bonds since donating or receiving electrons is unfavorable. Found @ http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds
2.2 Water’s Importance to Life
1. Water is liquid, so it carries materials around in the body, water is polar so it dissolves many kinds of molecules, has surface tension, cohesion, etc. , water resists temperature change, so it gives a more constant environment for aquatic organisms. Water expands when it freezes so it breaks rocks into soil, it forms on the tops of bodies of water leaving a habitat underneath. Found @ Wiki.answers.com
2.3 Acids and Bases
1. Acids are substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions. Bases are substances that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions. Pg.31 Essentials of Biology Physical copy of book.
2. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values below 7 indicate acidity which increases as the number decreases, 1 being the most acidic. Values above 7 indicate alkalinity which increases as the number increases, 14 being the most alkaline. This scale, however, is not a linear scale like a centimeter or inch scale (in which two adjacent values have the same difference). It is a logarithmic scale in which two adjacent values increase or decrease by a factor of 10. Found @ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pH-scale.html#ixzz33nLJNRaF
3. The purpose of a buffer is to keep PH within normal limits. Buffer resist pH changes because they can take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions. Pg. 32 Essentials of Biology physical copy of book.