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• Bryophytes-nonvascular plants; lack water conducting tissues and have no true roots; though to have diverged from charophyceans due to differences in reproductive strategies; multicellular embryo develops from zygote that is still attached to tissue of the female parent; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts…
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5. Draw and label a mature ovule. Include the micro-pyle, integuments, nucellus, synergids, polar nuclei, egg, and anti-podals. Indicate the functions of each of these structures.…
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Plant sexuality has a wide range of topics about sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. Flowers, which are the reproductive units of angiosperms, amongst all living things are physically varied the most. They also show the greatest diversity in methods of reproduction of all biological systems. The system for classifying flowering plants was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus, which is based on plant structures. Plants employ several different morphological adaptations that involve sexual reproduction. Christian Konrad Sprengel studied plant sexuality, which brought understanding to the pollination process. This process involved both biotic and abiotic…
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• Mitotic cell divisions yield a ball of cells (blastula); each cell gets a different bit of the egg cytoplasm…
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The genetic differences between mycelia grown form ascospore taken from one ascus that reflect crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis. An interesting fact about ascospore arrangements is that there occurs no hybridization, and there are peculiar forms of cross over. Ascomycetes can also reproduce asexually by spores called conidia, which are spores that are dispersed by wind and are produced at the end of the hyphae. Another interesting fact about Sordaria is the ability to maintain a constant liner order, permitting the observer to detect the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. The genetic experiment consists of performing the crossing over of black spores (wild type +) and tan spores (mutant…
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Gymnosperms are plants with exposed seeds borne on scale-like structures called cones (strobili). Like ferns, gymnosperms have a well-developed alternation of generations, but unlike most ferns, gymnosperms are heterosporous - they produce two types of spores (Fig. 1). Microspores occur in male cones and form male gametophytes. Megaspores occur in female cones and form female gametophytes. Gametophytes of gymnosperms are microscopic and completely dependent on the large, free living sporophyte. One advantage of this is that the delicate female gametophytes do not have to cope with environmental stressors - female gametophytes and the embryos they produce are sheltered from drought and harmful UV radiation by their enclosure within the moist reproductive tissues of the parental sporophyte generation. Nutrient exchange also occurs between gametophytes and their parents. In contrast, the free-living gametophytes of seedless vascular plants must fend for themselves.…
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A: Hyphae from different mating types fuse to produce gamete-forming structures known as gametangia. Haploid (N) gametes produced in the gametangia fuse with gametes of the opposite mating type to form diploid (2N) zygotes. These zygotes develop into thick-walled zygospores, which may remain dormant for months. When conditions become favorable, the zygospore germinates, then undergoes meiosis, and new haploid spores are released.…
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A common lab use is to observe meiosis and mitosis in the fruiting bodies, called perithecia. An interesting feature of S. fimicola is that its fruiting body is phototrophic. Thus, as it grows the stalk will bend toward a light source and when the sac bursts, the spores are shot towards the light.…
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a. Dominant sporophytes – As a result, the gametophyte became practically invisible to the human eye.…
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Gymnosperms are a pollen producer that is useful for forensic studies because of the abundance of pollen produced…
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Hyphae branch and fuse during growth of the fungus to form a network of cells called a mycelium. During the sexual phase, cell fusion results in the formation of a single-celled, diploid zygote encased in an ascus (plural, asci). Within the ascus, each single-celled zygote undergoes meiosis and gives rise to four haploid cells. These haploid cells then undergo a single round of mitotic division and give rise to a total of eight haploid ascospores with thick cell walls in each ascus. Many of these rod-shaped asci, each with eight ascospores, are held together in a protective, flask-shaped perithecium.…
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3. Write out a general life cycle with arrows linking these terms: haploid (h), diploid (2n), meiosis, fertilization. Are the products of meiosis haploid or diploid?…
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parent plant produce stolons. The new tubers are formed at the ends of the stolons (stems that…
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All organisms need to reproduce for the continuation of their species. Otherwise, that species would die off. Just like animals, plants are characterized by sexual reproduction, with new organisms being formed from the union of sex cells. While it cannot be said that plants have separate sexes in the same way that animals do, they do form gametes just like animals. Two sperm cells are involved in the fertilization process with plants; one sperm cell combines with the egg cell and the other becomes the seed. In the process of fertilization with animals only one sperm fertilizes the female egg and it occurs in the fallopian tube of the female reproductive tract. Life for a new plant begins when it germinates from the seed. Part of the maturation occurs while in the embryonic stage, and the remainder occurs after birth and germination. Life for an animal begins when exiting the mother's womb or from an egg. In both cases, birth is experienced; however, with plants the process is called mitosis and with animals it is called meiosis. In plants gametes are not produced directly, they have an extra step in which meiosis produces spores.…
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Asexual Propagation is the process of using plant materials such as the stems, leaves, and roots to multiply the number of plants. These plants eventually grow to be a brand new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant it came from. In several types of plants, asexual propagation is the fastest means of new plant growth. Asexual propagation is also a good way to maintain a plant species because they are genetically identical. In this process, adventitious roots are seen in the growing cycle. Adventitious roots are those that grow form parts of the plant that they normally would not grow from. The cuttings must do this in order to form a completely new plant. There are multiple methods of asexual propagation; some include cuttings, layering, division, and budding/grafting. This experiment is designed to look into the method of using cuttings for asexual propagation and the success of the plant parts. As this experiment goes on more herbaceous and succulent plants will root quicker than woody plants.…
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