Lebanon
Dallas-Feeney Christopher P. The US and the Levant: The Dilemma of Hezbollah—Restoring the Sovereignty of Lebanon and Enabling Peace in the Levant
Falkenburg Luke Civil War Relapse?: Hezbollah & Sectarianism in Post-War Lebanon DEC 11 2012
Masters Jonathan , Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu 'llah) . Counciil for Foreign Relations January 3, 2014 Meier Daniel The Effects of Arab Spring and Syrian Uprising on Lebanon May 2013
Ospina Mariano V. Syria, Iran, and Hizballah: A Strategic Alliance Global Security Studies, Winter 2014, Volume 5, Issue 1
Picard Elizabeth Lebanon in search of sovereignty: Post 2005 security dilemmas 2012
This chapter explores a main hypothesis: Short of regaining its status of sovereign nation-state in the international arena, post-2005 Lebanon might be considered a state with limited sovereignty, where citizenship remained dubious and national interest controversial. In a state of this kind, armed forces are prone to fragmentation along primordial identities, and often privatised while authoritarianism looms as the ultimate recourse against state dissolution and societal strife. The chapter is organised in two sections: The first section looks into the role, capabilities and interventions of national armed forces on the domestic and regional scenes. It stresses the limits of the military leadership‟s efforts to make Lebanon‟s national forces a powerful agent of national defence due to structural weaknesses and the transformation of war. It examines the political obstacles that prevented the state from acquiring a monopoly of legitimate force by contrasting the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) with the “National resistance” led by Hizballah. It shows how new international security threats shifted security policies from the national to the global arena. It concludes that the Lebanese security sector might be characterised as domestically “bifurcated” and internationally subordinate. The second section examines the image of the new
Falkenburg Luke Civil War Relapse?: Hezbollah & Sectarianism in Post-War Lebanon DEC 11 2012
Masters Jonathan , Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu 'llah) . Counciil for Foreign Relations January 3, 2014 Meier Daniel The Effects of Arab Spring and Syrian Uprising on Lebanon May 2013
Ospina Mariano V. Syria, Iran, and Hizballah: A Strategic Alliance Global Security Studies, Winter 2014, Volume 5, Issue 1
Picard Elizabeth Lebanon in search of sovereignty: Post 2005 security dilemmas 2012
This chapter explores a main hypothesis: Short of regaining its status of sovereign nation-state in the international arena, post-2005 Lebanon might be considered a state with limited sovereignty, where citizenship remained dubious and national interest controversial. In a state of this kind, armed forces are prone to fragmentation along primordial identities, and often privatised while authoritarianism looms as the ultimate recourse against state dissolution and societal strife. The chapter is organised in two sections: The first section looks into the role, capabilities and interventions of national armed forces on the domestic and regional scenes. It stresses the limits of the military leadership‟s efforts to make Lebanon‟s national forces a powerful agent of national defence due to structural weaknesses and the transformation of war. It examines the political obstacles that prevented the state from acquiring a monopoly of legitimate force by contrasting the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) with the “National resistance” led by Hizballah. It shows how new international security threats shifted security policies from the national to the global arena. It concludes that the Lebanese security sector might be characterised as domestically “bifurcated” and internationally subordinate. The second section examines the image of the new
Links: Lebanon/The_Taif_Agreement.pdf http://www.cihrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Lebanon.pdf http://blakestilwell.com/hezbollah-help-or-hindrance/ Hezbollah manipulated the fractured state of the country to capitalize on the lack of protection and social services from the government and played on the fears of the people of Lebanon to fuse itself to the power of Lebanese politics