In the case of Spain, during the Middle ages Spain was under Muslim power until the final expulsion in the 15th century. In the 11th century, a small Christian Spanish Kingdoms started to take to offensive against the Muslim. By the end of the twelve century, Spain was consulted in four different kingdoms: Castle, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. Castle and Aragon were the two strongest Spanish Kingdoms. In the other hand, Germany and Italy did not create a centralized kingdom because of their weak kings. In Germany, the kings had come to rely on their ability to control the church and elect bishops and abbots as royal administrators. Frederick I tried to create a new kind of empire where Italy might be added as a appendage. He wanted to incorporate Rome and the Papal States into his empire. He had difficulties and finally failed. Frederick II was King of Sicily and King of Germany, and his goal was to establish a centralized state in Italy. Italy was divided in three: the papal states, the kingdom of Sicily and the republic of Venice. The northern Italy cities and the papal states did not want to give their…
The King’s marriage kick started the English Reformation. Catherine Aragon would not produce a male heir for King Henry VIII, only Mary, and Henry wanted a divorce.…
The Renaissance in Western Europe marked the end of the middle Ages and the start of Europe’s rise as a global power. States in Western Europe became more centralized, and monarchs exercised more control over their subjects. Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America and triumphant return signaled the beginning of a new era of exploration. Likewise, Prince Henry the Navigator’s expeditions along the West African coast led to increased trade with Africa. Long isolated from the rest of the world, the Native Americans’ lives were drastically changed by the presence of European explorers, and later, colonists. Some aspects of life, such as domination by the elite in Europe, trade in Africa, and Native American ways of life in the Americas, have remained the same through the period. New contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas, however, led to interaction that has only increased with time.…
Thesis: Charles Mann attempts to refute the argument that “native Americans came across the Bering Strait 20,000 to 25,000 years ago and had so little impact on their environment that even after millennia of habitation the continents remain mostly wilderness.…
America the second time, he brought a lot of Indians (Native American) back with him to…
Ferdinand & Isabella->Charles V-> Philip II-> Dutch Revolt-> Treaty of Westphalia->end of Holy Roman Empire…
If there is one person to blame for World War I, its Archduke Franz Ferdinand, only he didn’t do anything bad, he was just assassinated, which sparked Austria’s tensions and therefore started the war. The buildup would’ve been much slower, perhaps even the war avoided, no costs for Germany, and no Second World War, which might’ve meant no Holocaust. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the leader of Austria before getting shot by teenager Gavrilo Princip. The assassination of Archduke was unjust because he was a great leader, fixed many of Austria’s current problems, and didn’t partake in the social and political problems surrounding the ongoing war buildup. Unfortunately Austria decided to use this as an excuse, they used him for a reason to go to war with Serbia, despite them not having much to do with Austria’s problems.…
I leave this letter today to you in hope that you will find it when you have become big enough to learn about your world. Today I have an important revelation to make, the world you grow up in might not be the same as what I had. You know me as your granddad but to the world, I am a scientist who gave the world the most destructive weapon ever to exist. What will change your world is science. Science is something objective, it comes with a goal. But its application is numerous and sometimes unethical, what happened yesterday proved the latter.…
Despite having a limited education, these letters portray Abigail to be an intelligent woman with brilliant ideas for the future of the United States. Her ideas of the future had a great impact on how many important articles were written and what it meant for the people of the nation. One example of this would be when Abigail wrote to John and asked for Congress not to forget about the rights of women. Their correspondence also involved a lot of political talk, which led to the conclusion that John thought of Abigail as an equal instead of just a housewife. These letters also revealed that Abigail gave John advice about many topics, and that he actually appreciated the words of wisdom and took them to heart. However, the main theme that is revealed in these letters is loneliness.…
George Bernard’s play Saint Joan was written about the life of a French woman in the late 1420’s who was on trial for spreading heresy. The Inquisitor presented a case against Joan to the juries of the church court. His argument opened with an appeal to ethos. Throughout the rest of his speech he would keep up this type of appeal, preferring the approach of ethical appeals to that of logic. Due to his lack of logical appeals, he seemed to revert to logical fallacies which had created seemingly dubious pretenses to find Joan guilty. This had weakened his argument immensely. To counteract the fallacies however, his use of figurative language had strengthened his argument enough to be thoroughly convincing. Overall, his argument was strong and well-presented and most likely had the majority convinced.…
Isabella of Castile was born in 1451 into the royal family just a year after Ferdinand of Aragon was born. At the ages of 18 and 19, the two came together as a married couple. (Spain the Golden Age) After many disputes and confusions among the family, Isabella finally came to the throne. She and Ferdinand united their kingdoms, bringing stability to Spain and leaving it as one of the best administered countries in Europe,…
The Renaissance was a time of revival of ancient thought mixed with new intellectual expressions. However, some areas were experiencing unfortunate setbacks in flourishing during this time. The 100 Years’ war was a war that weakened and depopulated France. The War of Roses was a civil war that created much undesired violence amongst the people. Spain had been composed of independent kingdoms that lacked uniting political organization. However, with the arrival of “new monarchs”, the royal power commenced taking control of their states once more. Though, the time of the new monarchs was before the time of Machiavelli, his ideas were a large part of the rulers’ strategies: Be effective and feared, rather than loved and weak. The “New Monarchies” arose during the 1450-1550 as a result of placing power within the hands of the middle class, as well as forming agreements between the royal powers and the religious forces, increasing the crowns’ control over the states’ .…
During the summer program I met many different people from various places. One person that I met who I became good friends with was Isabella. Isabella is a high school student going into her junior year. She’s from Boston, Massachusetts and lives with her mom, dad, and older brother. Her dad moved to the United States when he was younger from Argentina, and her mom was born in Italy and also moved to Boston when she was younger. The class she took in the summer program was creative writing: journalism and nonfiction. Isabella and I both have parents that weren’t born in the United States. My parents were both born in Albania, making me first generation just like Isabella is. During the spring season, Isabella and I both play softball. We agree…
When Mary decided upon making Spain a close ally in 1554 through the marriage of herself and Philip II of Spain, she took special precaution to not give the superpower too much authority over England. Despite that Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, after they feared that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain, this fear in many cases came true. Philip viewed the marriage as entirely political and his second visit to England was clearly only due to wanting involvement in England, Spanish interests in England were helpfully reinforced through the marriage and Mary’s foreign policy, subsequently making England a Spanish pawn. However arguments to indicate that England was not dominated by Spain are also clearly noticeable, as Mary received her own advantages out of the marriage with Philip and assured Spain of the little authority Philip would receive through the terms of agreement.…
. Juana traveled to Flanders to meet her husband. Philips was a very ambitious man that only cared about power and his kingdom, so love was not on his plans. He couldn’t care less if Juana was in love with him. He thought that Juana was easy to control, but Juana was a very passionate woman that wanted to make people know who she was. When Juana married Philip she became the queen of Austria and the duchess of burgundy. The two kingdoms had what they wanted to create a huge empire that controlled a great part of Europe. Ferdinand did not want to have a married life so he decided to continue with his single life. He was famous for having lots of mistresses, and liquor to his services. (http://www.historyandwomen.com/2013/01/the-vida-loca-joanna-of-castile.html)…