Introduction to Microprocessors

Topics: Microprocessor, Computer, Integrated circuit Pages: 14 (1557 words) Published: January 15, 2013
Introduction to Microprocessors

Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
www.eazynotes.com

1

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

Introduction to Microprocessors
 The microprocessor is one of the most important

components of a digital computer.
 It acts as the brain of the computer system.
 As technology has progressed, microprocessors

have become faster, smaller and capable of doing
more work per clock cycle.
 Sometimes, microprocessor is written as

µP.

( µ is pronounced as Mu )
2

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

Introduction to Microprocessors
 Definition:

Microprocessor is the controlling unit or CPU of a
micro-computer, fabricated on a very small chip capable
of performing ALU operations and communicating with
the external devices connected to it.

3

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 A computer:
 Accepts the data from the user.
 Stores the data and the set of instructions supplied by

the user in memory.
 Processes the data according to the instructions in the

processing unit.
 Communicates the result to the user or stores it for

further reference.

4

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 A computer has the following units:
 Input Unit
 Output Unit

 Memory Unit
 Central Processing Unit

5

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 INPUT UNIT
 The input unit consists of the devices which accept the data and

instructions from the user and communicates it to the CPU.
 The various input devices are: keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball

etc.

 OUTPUT UNIT
 It provides the result of the various operations performed by the

CPU to the user.
 The various output devices are: printers, monitors, loudspeakers

etc.
6

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 The CPU is the heart and nerve centre of the computer.
 It fetches the instruction and data from the peripheral

devices and performs all the arithmetic operations, takes
logical decision and control the operation of all other units.  Various sub-blocks of the central processing unit are:
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

 Timing & Control Unit
 Registers

7

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 This unit perform all the logical and arithmetic operations.  Various arithmetic operations are: addition, subtraction, increment and

decrement etc.
 Various logical operations are: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc.

 TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT
 This unit controls the entire operations being performed by the system.  It controls the operations of ALU, input/output devices and memory unit.  This unit interprets the instructions and generates various timing and control

signals.
 REGISTERS
 A register is a very small amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU

in order to store the current data and instructions which are being executed by the CPU.
8

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Computer
 MEMORY UNIT
 It stores the program statement and the data i.e. the

information supplied from the input unit.
 It also stores the final output.
 This is connected to the CPU by means of a bidirectional

bus.
 The CPU processes the information as taken from the

memory and performs the operations in the ALU section.
 The results are either transferred to the output unit or stored

in the memory for later use by the CPU.

9

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Micro-Computer
 As the name implies, microcomputers are small

computers.
 The block diagram of the microcomputer is similar to

the computer except that the central processing unit
of the microcomputer is contained in a single IC
called the microprocessor.

10

www.eazynotes.com

03-Aug-2011

A Micro-Computer
 A microprocessor is a LSI (Large Scale Integration) IC

that does almost all the functions of the...
Continue Reading

Please join StudyMode to read the full document

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Microprocessor Essay

    ...Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………....iv Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………......v Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….…vi Table of contents………………………………………………………………………………vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Rationale……………………………………………………………………………….1 Statement of the Problem………………………….…………………………………1 Objectives………………...……………………………………………………………1 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….……….2 Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………………...2 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Theoretical Background………………………………………………………….. Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………............. CHAPTER III Project Features…………………………………………………………………….. Prototype……………………………………………………………………………. CHAPTER IV Flow Chart………………………………………………………………………….. Gantt Chart………………………………………………………………………….. Circuit Diagram…………………………………………………………………….. CHAPTER V Program Listing…………………………………………………………………….. Parts List…………………………………………………………………………….. Bill of Materials……………………………………………………………………… CHAPTER VI Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………… Recommendation…………………………………………………………………… DIFFICULTIES AND EXPERIENCES……………………………………………………… INTERNET REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. MEMBERS PROFILE (Photo Gallery)……………………………………………………. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION RATIONALE Television is the vast electronic computer being used for today .Wherever you...

    Read More
    1728 Words 7 Pages
  • Essay about Microprocessor

    ...EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS INTRODUCTION A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC),or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. Many more microprocessors are part of embedded systems, providing digital control of a myriad of objects from appliances to automobiles to cellular phones and industrial process control. EVOLUTION During the 1960s, computer processors were constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs each containing from tens to a few hundred transistors. For each computer built, all of these had to be placed and soldered onto printed circuit boards, and often multiple boards would have to be interconnected in a chassis. The large number of discrete logic gatesused more electrical power—and therefore,...

    Read More
    1862 Words 8 Pages
  • Essay about Microprocessor

    ...are 7, 4, 10/7 respectively. MVI B, 05H LOOP1: MVI C, 0FH LOOP2 : DCR C JNZ LOOP2 DCR B JNZ LOOP1 i. How many times are the instruction DCRC and DCRB executed? ii. How many times does the program jump to LOOP2 and LOOP1? iii. How much does the program take to execute? 9. What is microprocessor? Write its application. Write the advantage of SAP-I computer. 10. Describe the architectural different between SAP-I and SAP-II computer. 11. Explain and draw the fetch and execute cycles for LDA instruction of SAP-1 Computer.Write about the instruction set used in SAP-II computer. 12. How do you differentiate microprogrammed control unit and the hardwired control unit. Explain their uses, merits and demerits. 13. Write a program in SAP-2 to add ten even numbers starting from 2. 14. What is microprogramming? Explain fetch and execute cycle in SAP-1 architecture 15. Explain different instructions of SAP –I computer. 16. Explain the function of MAR, MDR and PC in SAP-II architecture 17. What is microprocessor? Explain the different component of a microprocessor 18. What is bus? Explain the bus organization in the microprocessor based computer. 19. What are instruction register and memory address register? Explain their use with reference to SAP-1 computer. 20. Write an assembly program with comments for the following arithmetic operation: (0AH +...

    Read More
    520 Words 3 Pages
  • introduction Essay

    ...Skeptical of the Skeptical Environmentalist (No) Lomborg reports that “we now have more food per person than we used to. “ In contrast, the food and agricultural organization of United Nations reports that food per capita has been declining since 1984, based on available cereal grains. Cereal grains make about 80 % of the world’s food. Obviously fertile cropland is a essential resource for the production of foods but Lomborg has chosen not to address this subject directly. Currently, the U.S. has available nearly 0.5 ha of prime cropland per capita, but it will not have this much land if the population continues to grow at its current rapid rate. Although U.S. farmers frequently apply significantly more nitrogen fertilizer than 120kg/ha, the extra is a waste and pollutant. The corn crop can only utilize about one-third of the nitrogen applied, while the remainder leaches either into the ground or surface waters. Contrary to Lomborg’s view, most infectious diseases are increasing world-wide. The increase is due not only to population growth but also because of increasing environmental pollution. Food-borne infections are increasing rapidly worldwide and in the United States. For example, during 2000 in the U.S. there were 76 million human food-borne infections with 5000 associated deaths. Many of these infections are associated with the increasing contamination of food and water by livestock wastes in the United States. Based on our current...

    Read More
    250 Words 1 Pages
  • MICROPROCESSOR 1 Essay

    ...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKROUND A. Introduction Now days in many public places such as malls, multiplex systems, hospitals, offices, market areas there is a crucial problem of car parking. The car-parking area has many lanes/slots for car parking. So to park a car one has to look for all the lanes. Moreover this involves a lot of manual labor and investment. So there is a need to develop an automated parking system that indicates directly the availability of vacant parking slots in any lane right at the entrance. The project involves a system including switch pad and an SSD display outside the car parking gate. So the person desirous to park his vehicle is well informed about the status of availability of parking slot. Conventional parking systems do not have any intelligent monitoring system and the parking lots are monitored by security guards. B. Statement of the Problem A lot of time is wasted in searching vacant slot for parking and many times it creates jams. Conditions become worse when there are multiple parking lanes and each lane with multiple parking slots. C. Objective of the Study Proposed parking system would save time and provide comfortable hazel free parking experience to the users. Features of the parking management system are as listed below: Monitoring of parking space and updated indication of vacant parking slots. Assistance to the parking place via displays. D. Significance of the Study The study mainly evolved on...

    Read More
    1846 Words 7 Pages
  • Applications of Microprocessor and Microcontroller Essay

    ...Microprocessor INTRODUCTION A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip). It is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. A microprocessor is a general purpose system. Several specialized processing devices have followed from the technology. A microprocessor is normally optimized to co-ordinate the flow of information between separate memory and peripheral devices which are located outside itself . Connections to a microprocessor include address, control and data busses that allow it to select one of its peripherals and send to or retrieve data from it. Because a microcontrollers processor and peripherals are built on the same silicon, the devices are self-contained and rarely have any bus structures extending outside their packages. Microcontrollers integrate a microprocessor with peripheral devices for control of embedded system. A digital signal processor (DSP) is specialized for signal processing. Graphics processing units may have no, limited, or general programming facilities. For example, GPUs through the 1990s were mostly non-programmable and have only recently gained limited facilities like programmable vertex...

    Read More
    825 Words 4 Pages
  • The Evolution of the Microprocessor Essay

    ...The Integrated Circuit: The Evolution of an Electronic Miracle The microprocessor evolved over the course of many years of research, and people all over the world enjoy the benefits of this electronic miracle. It is difficult to think of anything that has affected modern life more than this invention. Cellular phones, wristwatches, calculators, automobiles, stereos, televisions, and computers are just a few of the thousands of electronic devices that have a microchip at the heart of its operation. Over the years, three major breakthroughs occurred to accelerate the birth of the microprocessor: the vacuum tube, the transistor, and the integrated circuit. The Vacuum Tube American physicist Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube in 1906. However, one must look back to 1879 when Thomas Edison first revealed the incandescent electric light bulb to understand how De Forest developed his idea. Edison's invention consisted of a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb. Electricity passing through the filament caused it to heat up and created a vacuum that prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up. In 1883, Edison detected electrons flowing through the vacuum from the lighted filament to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb. This became known as the Edison Effect, but he did not develop this particular discovery any further. However, British physicist John Fleming found that the Edison Effect also detected radio waves and converted...

    Read More
    1995 Words 8 Pages
  • Essay about Introduction

    ...Introduction The Manila Ocean Park is an oceanarium in Manila, Philippines. It is owned by China Oceanis Philippines Inc., a subsidiary of China Oceanis Inc., a Singaporean-registered firm that has operated four oceanariums in China. It is located behind the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park. It opened on March 1, 2008. In terms of floor space, the 8,000 square meters (86,000 sq ft) oceanarium is larger than the Sentosa Underwater World oceanarium in Singapore, and features a 25-metre (82 ft) underwater acrylic tunnel. It specializes in the investment, building, and operation of public aquariums and oceanariums. The Group owns and operates two Underwater World facilities in China, in the cities of Chongqing and Qinghuangdao. The Manila Ocean Park (MOP) is currently under construction behind the historical Quirino Grandstand at the Rizal Park. On February 29, 2008, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (with Philippine Tourism Authority general manager Robert Dean Barbers) graced the soft opening of Manila Ocean Park. Envisioned to be the "largest aquarium facility in the Philippines," the MOP will contain both an oceanarium and an open water marine habitat that can handle 12,000 cubic meters of seawater, featuring 300 marine species indigenous to the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Also, in line with its "fusion concept," the complex will feature a mall, a restaurant row, a hotel, and multi-purpose function facilities. This P1-billion venture by Singaporean and Malaysian...

    Read More
    681 Words 3 Pages

Popular Essays

Become a StudyMode Member

Sign Up - It's Free