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Ingiltere Tarihi

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Ingiltere Tarihi
İngiltere tarihi, 5. yüzyılda Britanya Adasına Anglosaksonların ayak basmasıyla başlar. Anglosaksonlar kendi adını verdikleri adaya yerleşip, 6 ve 7. yüzyıllarda birbirine rakip küçük krallıklar kurdular. Sekizinci yüzyılda Roma ve İrlanda’nın etkisiyle Hıristiyanlığı kabul eden Anglosaksonlar, Avrupa’yı da etkileyen bir medeniyet meydana getirdiler. 795’te başlayan İskandinav istilası 11. yüzyılın başına kadar birkaç defa tekrarlandı. Daha sonra Danimarkalı Büyük Knud, adayı tamamen fethetti. Anglosakson Hanedanından Edward (1042-1066) birliği tekrar kurdu. Bunun ölümü üzerine tahta geçen Harold’u tanımayan NormandiyaDükü William, taht üzerinde hak iddia etti. Normandiya kralları ve özellikle ilk Anjou’lu hükümdarlar Fransa’da geniş ve zengin toprakları olduğundan, Fransa’daki Capet Sülalesine bağımlıydılar. Küçük İngiltere Krallığı bir süre Avrupa’da Somme Vadisinden Pirene Dağlarına kadar uzanan büyük bir mülkün bir uzantısı gibi yaşadı. Avrupa ile ilişkiler İngiltere Krallığı ile Fransa Krallığını sonu gelmez savaşlara sürükledi. Bunların başlıcası 1337-1453 seneleri arasında süren Yüzyıl Savaşlarıdır.

Üçüncü Henry, Galler ülkesinde uç beyliklerinin gelişmesini destekledi ve 1170 yılında İrlanda’da “Pale” sömürgeleri kuruldu. Birinci Edward, Galler ülkesini fethetti. Etkisini İskoçya’ya kabul ettirmeyi denedi. Daha sonra 14 ve 15. yüzyıllarda İngiltere Krallığı birtakım sosyal, dini, siyasi karışıklıklara sahne oldu.

Monarşi otoritesini parlamento aracılığıyla millete kabul ettiren Yedinci Henry ve Sekizinci Henry (1458-1541) düzen ve birliği sağlamlaştırdılar.

Birinci Elizabeth’in uzun ve başarılı saltanatında İskoçya’da İngiliz etkisinde farklılık görülmeye başlandı. İngiltere Tudorlarıyla, İskoçya Stuartları arasındaki evlenmeler, iki geleneksel düşmanı birbirine yaklaştırdı. Daha sonra İskoçya Kralı Birinci James İngiltere kralı oldu. 1707 yılında iki krallığı birleştiren bir antlaşma imzalandı. Bu tarihten sonra Büyük Britanya tarihi başlar.

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