Industrial Revolution Study Guide
History Study Guide
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century
• Industrial Revolution o Reason:
Natural resources
• Coal o Used to develop the steam engine. o Needed for the constructions of machines and steam engines.
• Iron ore o New methods of producing iron:
1709- Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron (separated iron from its ore)
When he discovered coal gave off impurities that damaged the iron, he found a way to remove the impurities from coal
Invention and improvement of the steam engine
• First invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen. It was powered by coal to pump water out of mines.
• 1769- James Watt improved this engine. This engine became the key power source of the industrial revolution. o Spread of the Industrial Revolution:
Britain enforced strict rules to keep the technology from spreading. (no exporting inventions)
1807- William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines. Belgium became the first European nation outside of Britain to industrialize.
While countries such as Germany, France and the US began to develop (because of their abundant supply of coal, iron, and other resources – more than Britain), some countries developed more slowly, such as southern and eastern countries in Europe (because of lack of natural resources, or capital to invest in industry. Ex: Russia. Had the resources, but social and political conditions slowed the economic development)
Social changes:
• Rapid urbanization
• Long hours of work in dangerous conditions (men, women and children)
• More food lower price
• More jobs
• More cities, railroads, and factories
• Continuous competition between nations
o Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries:
Cotton:
• Increasing demand of textiles lead to the invention of the flying shuttle (John Kay), spinning jenny (James Hargreaves, 1764), water frame (Richard Arkwright). These machines lead to the
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century
• Industrial Revolution o Reason:
Natural resources
• Coal o Used to develop the steam engine. o Needed for the constructions of machines and steam engines.
• Iron ore o New methods of producing iron:
1709- Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron (separated iron from its ore)
When he discovered coal gave off impurities that damaged the iron, he found a way to remove the impurities from coal
Invention and improvement of the steam engine
• First invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen. It was powered by coal to pump water out of mines.
• 1769- James Watt improved this engine. This engine became the key power source of the industrial revolution. o Spread of the Industrial Revolution:
Britain enforced strict rules to keep the technology from spreading. (no exporting inventions)
1807- William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines. Belgium became the first European nation outside of Britain to industrialize.
While countries such as Germany, France and the US began to develop (because of their abundant supply of coal, iron, and other resources – more than Britain), some countries developed more slowly, such as southern and eastern countries in Europe (because of lack of natural resources, or capital to invest in industry. Ex: Russia. Had the resources, but social and political conditions slowed the economic development)
Social changes:
• Rapid urbanization
• Long hours of work in dangerous conditions (men, women and children)
• More food lower price
• More jobs
• More cities, railroads, and factories
• Continuous competition between nations
o Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries:
Cotton:
• Increasing demand of textiles lead to the invention of the flying shuttle (John Kay), spinning jenny (James Hargreaves, 1764), water frame (Richard Arkwright). These machines lead to the