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FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY II
CHM096

CHAPTER 1
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
PART I

PREPARED BY
SYED ABDUL ILLAH ALYAHYA BIN SYED ABD KADIR
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TOPICS
PART I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Introduction to Hydrocarbon and
Functional Groups
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Isomerism and Overview of Organic
Reaction
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkyl Halides

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TOPIC
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON AND
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and
Functional Groups
What is Organic Chemistry?
• Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds that contain carbon
– except CO, CO2, carbonates, and carbides

• Even though organic compounds only contain a few elements, the unique ways carbon atoms can attach together to form molecules leads to millions of different organic compounds

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1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and
Functional Groups
What’s so Special About Carbon?
 Carbon atoms can do some unique things that other atoms cannot
 Carbon can bond to as many as four other atoms
 Bonds to carbon are very strong and nonreactive
 Carbon atoms can attach together in long chains
 Carbon atoms can attach together to form rings
 Carbon atoms can form single, double, or triple bonds

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1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and
Functional Groups
What’s so Special About Carbon?
 Organic compounds tend to be molecular
 Mainly composed of just six nonmetallic elements
• C, H, O, N, S, and P

 Compounds found in all three states
• solids, liquids, and gases
• solids tend to have low melting points

 Solubility in water varies depending on which of the other elements are attached to C and how many there are • CH3OH is miscible with water; C10H21OH is insoluble
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1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and
Functional Groups
Carbon Bonding
 Carbon forms four bonds
 When C has four single bonds, the shape is tetrahedral
 When C has one triple + one single or two double bonds, the shape is linear
 When C