Novocain serves to block receptors on nerve cells that sense pain. Therefore preventing neurotransmitter from binding to the receptors and stimulating sensory neurons to fire. More specifically Novocain blocks the sodium channel and prevents depolarization from occurring in the neurons of the site of injection. Because of this an action potential is not possible and neurotransmitter cannot be release.…
for neuropathic pain. Further research is needed to make it clearer what exactly is needed to treat…
A human body endures a lot of injuries such as broken bones, cuts, heart attacks but one serious injury is “spinal cord injury” which can be a obstacle to medicine. With such injury, as a spinal cord, the recovery itself can be very painful to handle so most patients are administered pain killers to minimize the unbearable pain. Drugs in the opiate category, are used a lot for the relief of spinal cord injuries. As experiments have been conducted, they have concluded that an opiate known as a morphine can be negative to the recovery of spinal cord injury. For example, when the rats where administered high-dosage of morphine, they seemed to delay recovery function of the rat. Studies have been closely examined , to conclude such observation. The hypothesis that Hook et al. stated was that, organisms with spinal cord injury will endure negative side effects on recovery if morphine is administered.…
Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations?…
In the book the Hot Zone, by Richard Preston, the first few pages are introducing the reader into the world of contagious hot agents by going through the biosaftey procedures to access level 4. In part one, Charles Monet a fifty-six year old Frenchman living in western Kenya on the lands of the Nzoia Sugar Factory is introduced, but as his story continues he finds himself greatly ill by some unknown virus. It began shortly after a visit with a friend to Kitum Cave. Of course there’s no telling where exactly Monet really got the agent from, but where he got it probable wasn’t on his mind as it got worse.…
References: Bowsher D. The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001; 322(7290).[->5]…
Pain occurs as a symptom as stimuli activate nociceptors because of an imbalance in the homeostasis of the tissue due to changes in the chemical, temperature and mechanical(12,15,17). This detection in the surrounding can be altered and therefore cause persistent pain in the body(1) and this sensitisation is therefore increased and modulated(8), such as in the visceral region. An example is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) which has chronic pain as a symptom. A receptor that has been seen to be present and upregulated in this disease are Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, and in particular, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Type 1 (TRPA1)(15,18). In this review, TRPV1 and other channels, such as TRPA1 induced pain are looked at. As possible drug targets, there have been studies with various antagonists, that have seen downregulation of expression of TRPV1, however, there are problematic side effects such as hyperthermia(3,17).…
In the 1920’s, my ideal date would take place in New York City, and would start around noon and probably end sometime in the late night. First, I picked up my date at her parent’s house. She had a nice picnic lunch packed, and we were going to walk to Central Park. The picnic consisted of dry sausage, prosciutto, and a mixture of olives, an assortment of cheeses, some tomatoes in olive oil, and a loaf of Italian bread. It was a long walk to Central Park, but we were hungry, and we knew that once we ate, it would be a relaxing walk back. We had our picnic on a little hill in the park, overlooking a nice pond. All around us, there were trees with their leaves changing colors, and children throwing a ball around. On the walk back, we talked about many things, like life, politics, jobs, business, and what we eventually would want to do with our lives. After that, we talked about what we would like to do later. We decided to stay at her parent’s house for dinner, and then maybe go to a nightclub afterwards. When we got back, I helped her parents set up the table for dinner while she got changed and freshened up. After a nice Italian dinner of broccoli rabe and sausage, some more Italian bread, and a dessert of cannolis and gelato, my date and I decided to go out to a nightclub. We took the New York City subway, and I could have sworn that we saw Henry Ford standing not too far away from us. When we got to the club, The Back Room, we found that it was already quite crowded, and that everybody else was dressed like us. The guys all wore suits and ties, some with hats and some without. The women, however, were a different story. They all wore clothes from the new “flapper” fashion, but that’s where the similarities stopped. My date was wearing a sleeveless dress that ended just before the knees, shoes and stockings, and she had her hair cut short, was wearing a pearl necklace and carried a purse. We spent most of the night there, smoking and drinking beer…
Analgesics:- analgesics are a medication which are used to relieve pain, this is done by blocking pain signals which are sent from the brain or by interfering with the signals. Analgesics are most commonly found in paracetamol and ibuprofen and are used for pain such as headaches. There are three common ways in which analgesics can be administered, these are; orally for moderate pain such as headaches, intravenous which is used in hospitals when an individual goes on a drip, epidurals are used when women are in labour.…
Sampson, E. Kitchen, G. (2012) North west dementa Centre. Available at: http://www.pssru.ac.uk/pdf/MCpdfs/Pain_factsheet.pdf . Accessed on 25th April 2012.…
Cannabis is a class B drug and it is estimated that 15 million people have tried cannabis and over 2 million use the drug regularly.…
Mike Lupica’s book Heat has all of the elements that a story needs to have. It has a setting and a theme. It has a plot and a conflict. And what kind of book doesn’t have any characters. Also the story was interesting. Not all stories can appeal like Heat. If you like baseball you would agree that this book is interesting. Heat is about a kid who can’t seem to prove his age after moving to New York from Cuba. His dad has died so he has no contact with Cuba. Also he has to prove his age if he wants to continue to play baseball with the kids his age.…
The Placebo effect is when the administration of some entirely harmless or inactive drug or pill seems to make people better. It can also reduce the experience of pain by blocking pain signals in the spinal cord from arriving at the brain in the first place. When patients expect a treatment to be effective, the brain area responsible for pain control is activated, causing the release of natural endorphins. The endorphins send instructions down to the spinal cord to suppress incoming pain signals and patients feel better whether or not the treatment had any direct effect. This article explained how the mind and placebo work together in sending messages from the brain to the area of pain. Other problems exist in testing placebos' effectiveness. They cannot be used in studies on life-threatening or degenerative illnesses, since taking an inactive…
First, the weight of rats used in the experiment and the weight of the AVS022 and its components by weight of rats at various dose. Next, the herbs mixed with sterile water to the volume 40 ml/kg this the safety volume for oral administration140 and dispersed the herbs powder for easy feeding to the rats. The study of the effect of AVS022 and its components on pain and edema in rat used to the standard model as following Figure 4.1…
By examining the functional groups of the analgesic drug components, the relative strength of their polarities can be determined. For example, if a compound contains carboxylic acid, alcohol or amine functional groups, it should be very polar. If a compound contains ketone, aldehyde, ester, amide, or ether functional groups, it should be polar. Lastly, if a compound…