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Hofstede Nl-Eng
Culture and organizations

Hofstede

Introduction: The rules of the social game

Different minds but common problems
Mensen, volken en groepen die op een andere manier denken, handelen en voelen hebben dikwijls conflicten met elkaar. Het is echter noodzakelijk dat er tussen verschillende culturen wordt samengewerkt om militaire, ecologische, economische, meteorologische en hygiënische problemen op te lossen. Voorwaarde voor deze samenwerking is dat we de verschillen in denken, handelen en voelen leren begrijpen.

Culture as mental programming
Ieder mens beschikt over bepaalde patronen van denken, handelen en voelen. Deze patronen noemen we ook wel “mentale programma’s”. De bronnen van mentale programmering komen uit onze sociale omgeving en onze levenservaring. De programmering begint eerst in het gezin en wordt daarna uitgebreid. Mentale programma’s noemen we ook wel ‘cultuur’. Cultuur kunnen we in enge zin definiëren als beschaving en de gevolgen hiervan. In ruime zin zien we cultuur als een mentale programmering. Cultuur in ruime zin is de collectieve mentale programmering die groepsleden of mensen van een bepaalde categorie onderscheidt van anderen. Cultuur wordt aangeleerd en is niet erfelijk. We kunnen drie niveaus van mentale programmering onderscheiden: de menselijke natuur, cultuur en persoonlijkheid. De menselijke is cultuur is alles wat alle mensen met elkaar gemeen hebben. De persoonlijkheid van een mens is de eigen mentale programmering die met niemand anders wordt gedeeld.

Figure: Three levels of Uniqueness in Mental Programming

Cultural relativism
Cultuurrelativisme is het ontbreken van criteria om de handelingen van een andere cultuur achterlijk of superieur te noemen. Het is belangrijk dat een cultuur wel zijn eigen activiteiten met deze begrippen kan beoordelen.

Waarheid is Relatief
Cultureel relativisme is het standpunt dat alle geloofssystemen gelijkwaardig zijn en dat de waarheid zelf relatief
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