High School Group Observation

Sapienza and colleagues (2002) sought to explore the effects of a high-intensity, low-repetition expiratory muscle strength training method in 40 healthy high school band players. The participants included 18 males and 22 females who were non-smokers and uneducated in expiratory strength training. The authors indicated the average age of participants was 21 years old, which is inconsistent with the age of high school students. The participants were assigned to a control or treatment group with 7 males and 7 females in each control group. There was no description regarding participant assignment procedures, therefore it is unknown if randomization occurred. The treatment group trained 5 days per week for 2 weeks under supervision. The findings