Harvard Referencing Document
UML: Essential Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing
University of Manchester Library – Teaching & Learning
November 2012
CONTENTS
1. 2.
INTRODUCTION (and avoiding plagiarism) ………………………………………….. 3 CITING REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT ……………………………………. 4 - 7
3. 4.
CREATING THE LIST OF REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY………………. 8 BOOKS (How to cite and reference) …………………………………………..…… 9 - 10
5.
JOURNAL ARTICLES (How to cite and reference) ………………………..……. 11
6.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (How to cite and reference) ………………………… 12
7.
ONLINE SOURCES (How to cite and reference) ……………………………..…. 13
8.
REPORTS (How to cite and reference) ……………………………………………….. 14
9.
OTHER ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS (How to cite and reference)….... 15
10.
FURTHER READING & SUPPORT …………………………………………………… 16
2
1. Introduction
Throughout the course of your studies, you will be expected to support the arguments made in your assignments, through references to other published works. These references can come from many different sources such as academic journals, textbooks, newspaper articles, websites etc. “Citation” is the technical term given to the practice of referring to the work of other authors. It allows you to give due credit to the ideas of others, whilst also providing evidence of the breadth and depth of your own background reading. It also allows those who read your work, to easily identify and locate the references you have provided. This guide provides you with examples of how to correctly cite references within the text of your assignments. It also provides guidance on how to compile an accurate list of references / bibliography. The guide uses the Harvard system of referencing system throughout. The Harvard system does allow for some variations in style (e.g. In your list of references, the title of a book can be italicized or underlined), but you must remain consistent throughout your document. APA referencing is very similar to Harvard and is
University of Manchester Library – Teaching & Learning
November 2012
CONTENTS
1. 2.
INTRODUCTION (and avoiding plagiarism) ………………………………………….. 3 CITING REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT ……………………………………. 4 - 7
3. 4.
CREATING THE LIST OF REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY………………. 8 BOOKS (How to cite and reference) …………………………………………..…… 9 - 10
5.
JOURNAL ARTICLES (How to cite and reference) ………………………..……. 11
6.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (How to cite and reference) ………………………… 12
7.
ONLINE SOURCES (How to cite and reference) ……………………………..…. 13
8.
REPORTS (How to cite and reference) ……………………………………………….. 14
9.
OTHER ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS (How to cite and reference)….... 15
10.
FURTHER READING & SUPPORT …………………………………………………… 16
2
1. Introduction
Throughout the course of your studies, you will be expected to support the arguments made in your assignments, through references to other published works. These references can come from many different sources such as academic journals, textbooks, newspaper articles, websites etc. “Citation” is the technical term given to the practice of referring to the work of other authors. It allows you to give due credit to the ideas of others, whilst also providing evidence of the breadth and depth of your own background reading. It also allows those who read your work, to easily identify and locate the references you have provided. This guide provides you with examples of how to correctly cite references within the text of your assignments. It also provides guidance on how to compile an accurate list of references / bibliography. The guide uses the Harvard system of referencing system throughout. The Harvard system does allow for some variations in style (e.g. In your list of references, the title of a book can be italicized or underlined), but you must remain consistent throughout your document. APA referencing is very similar to Harvard and is
Citations: Two or Three authors: All authors (with publication date) should be noted within your text: Hirst and Thompson (1999) identify enormous variations between countries in terms of the importance of foreign holdings If you wish to refer to the works on a single occasion, or if the same point is made by both publications, then refer to both within parentheses. Mintzberg (1973a, 1973b) summarised eight current schools of thought on the different roles of the manager. If the original quotation contains errors (e.g. a spelling mistake) do not correct it. Instead point out the errors by writing [sic] Williams (2008, p. 86) noted that ‘Johnson maid [sic] a mistake’.