HPV Vaccine Analysis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most transmissible viruses in humans. HPV infections are associated with anogenital, head and neck as well as skin diseases and cancers. HPV-associated cervical cancer claims more than 250,000 women’s lives annually worldwide. Growing evidence suggests a role of this virus in male and female fertility. In addition, HPV can be transmitted from a mother to her newborns. These newborns are at the risk of developing recurrent laryngeal tumors at an early life stage that requires frequent surgery. Current three HPV vaccines have shown efficacy against the most prevalent HPV types. However, the vaccination completion rate is only 26 % overall, and these vaccines offer no protection against pre-existing infections. Therefore, HPV-associated complication in reproduction and childhood recurrent laryngeal disease will continue to be problematic until more effective treatments are available.
Although there is evidence to support that sexual transmission is the primary route for HPV to spread from one individual to another. The mechanisms of how viruses are transmitted and cause the infertility are unknown. Vertical transmission from HPV-positive mothers to her babies
It is controversial whether papillomavirus infection directly influences infertility. Some evidence supports the involvement of HPV in infertility. For example, a study showed that half of HPV-infected women had successful birth when compared with the non-infected women. More recent data demonstrated the susceptibility of sperms to HPV infection. However, how HPV-infected individuals influence the fertility is unknown. In the current aim, we are going to answer the following two questions in 1) Are viral infections in women or men playing a more significant role in fertility? 2) How does viral infection influence embryo development including implantation, abortion, and premature