glycolysis
Glycolysis
(In Terms of Regulation and Maintenance)
Glycolysis is a process which is essential to the initiation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, it is named as a strictly anaerobic process as it requires no oxygen, it is needed so we can break down glucose, C6H12O6; from this molecule, we are only interested in the Hydrogen, so we can reduce the electron carriers NAD and FAD, to be used to synthesise ATP in a later process (Electron Transport Chain).
The purpose of all processes of respiration is the production of AdenoTriPhosphate (ATP), leading us onto to our first discussion on the regulation of Glycolysis, The effect of excess ATP & ADP, which we actually require this to begin Glycolysis; 2 ATP molecules are needed to add 2 phosphates to the Glucose molecule, allowing it to be phosphorylated and destabilise it into a Phosphorylated Sugar, This is the first step of 10; 10 enzymes act in an order breaking down the Phosphorylate Sugar down further into two Pyruvic acid molecules. I am only interested in the Enzyme steps which relate to the regulation of Glycolysis. To start I am going to focus on the initial step I have just outlined, which is the Hexokinase enzyme, at this stage the levels of ADP/ATP are used to regulate the addition of Phosphate to ADP to make ATP, so Glycolysis can reoccur. If there is an excess of ADP then the enzyme called Glycogen Phosphorylase (Hexokinase) will be activated in order to destabilise the Glucose, and if there is an excess of ATP then it will become inhibited, It regulates how available Glucose is to the cell, thus stopping or speeding up Glycolysis. The more energy the cell requires then the more ATP is going to be being used which will leave more ADP, resulting in the process outlined, when cells are not needing much energy then less ATP is used and more builds up, which will inhibit the enzyme activity.
Hydrogen+ ions also affect the regulation of Glycolysis. Glycolysis is affected at the Kinase enzyme of
(In Terms of Regulation and Maintenance)
Glycolysis is a process which is essential to the initiation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, it is named as a strictly anaerobic process as it requires no oxygen, it is needed so we can break down glucose, C6H12O6; from this molecule, we are only interested in the Hydrogen, so we can reduce the electron carriers NAD and FAD, to be used to synthesise ATP in a later process (Electron Transport Chain).
The purpose of all processes of respiration is the production of AdenoTriPhosphate (ATP), leading us onto to our first discussion on the regulation of Glycolysis, The effect of excess ATP & ADP, which we actually require this to begin Glycolysis; 2 ATP molecules are needed to add 2 phosphates to the Glucose molecule, allowing it to be phosphorylated and destabilise it into a Phosphorylated Sugar, This is the first step of 10; 10 enzymes act in an order breaking down the Phosphorylate Sugar down further into two Pyruvic acid molecules. I am only interested in the Enzyme steps which relate to the regulation of Glycolysis. To start I am going to focus on the initial step I have just outlined, which is the Hexokinase enzyme, at this stage the levels of ADP/ATP are used to regulate the addition of Phosphate to ADP to make ATP, so Glycolysis can reoccur. If there is an excess of ADP then the enzyme called Glycogen Phosphorylase (Hexokinase) will be activated in order to destabilise the Glucose, and if there is an excess of ATP then it will become inhibited, It regulates how available Glucose is to the cell, thus stopping or speeding up Glycolysis. The more energy the cell requires then the more ATP is going to be being used which will leave more ADP, resulting in the process outlined, when cells are not needing much energy then less ATP is used and more builds up, which will inhibit the enzyme activity.
Hydrogen+ ions also affect the regulation of Glycolysis. Glycolysis is affected at the Kinase enzyme of