Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe how volcanic activity can affect global climate change
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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Volcanic Dust puts huge amounts of ash and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere – acts to block out solar radiation and can cause a decrease in global temperatures. e.g. Laki eruption – Iceland 1783 – reduced global temperatures and led to harvest failing in W Europe. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Temperatures have increased by 6 C since last ice age There have been fluctuations with warmer and colder periods 8,000-4,000 years ago – 2 warmer periods with cold spell in between 1450-1850 – Little Ice Age Since 1960s rapid increase in temperature www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com o
Describe the main changes in global climate since the end of the last ice age.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Different types of surface have a different albedo – capacity of surface to reflect radiation.
How does surface reflection affect global temperatures?
Lighter surfaces – e.g. snow and ice reflect large amounts of radiation back to space (high albedo) – reduces temperatures. Reduction in snow and ice – less sunlight reflected back and temperatures warm www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
What is the name given to the cycles of orbital geometry?
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Milankovitch Cycles
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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Describe how orbital geometry (including the tilt of the axis and the nature of the orbit) can affect climate change.
Earth’s orbit varies approx every 95,000 years – when circular leads to glacial periods, when more elliptical orbit – warmer periods. Title of axis varies between 21.5-24.5o – greater angle of tilt – warmer periods occur www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Any of: Give two examples of Greenhouse Gases. 1. 2. 3. 4. Chloroflurocarbons Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxide Methane www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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Give two sources of: (i) Methane (ii) Carbon Dioxide
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Methane sources: Wetlands, paddy fields, landfills, burning vegetation, bowels of cattle and sheep Carbon Dioxide sources: Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) – in power stations and from car exhausts www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Methane Increasing: increase in population (particularly LEDCs) – increase demand for rice to feed expanding population and an increase in western style diets (more cattle & sheep raised for meat); also rising temps see release of methane from permafrost.
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Why are levels of methane and carbon dioxide increasing?
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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Carbon Dioxide Increasing: increased energy use due to greater population and increase in electrical goods (due to greater wealth); also greater transport demands (inc. Flying and greater car ownership). www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Give the two major reasons for rising sea levels.
1. Melting of ice caps due to increased temperatures 2. Thermal expansion of water as temperatures rise.
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Could include: Give three negative effects of climate change. 1. Retreating glaciers 2. Sea level rise 3. Reduction in crop production in some areas (there are others – see revision guide and you should www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com also know specific examples!
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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Why is international co-operation essential to tackle the problem of climate change?
Once released into the atmosphere, the greenhouse gases that cause Global warming spread far and wide affecting everyone. Therefore actions taken by individual countries will not be successful unless countries work together to reduce their gas emissions. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Any of...
Kyoto Climate Conference (Japan) – led to Kyoto Protocol – 1997
Name, and give the dates of two international meetings held to tackle the problem of climate change.
Earth Summit – Rio – June 1992 Copenhagen (Denmark) – Sept 2009
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Bali Conference – Dec 2007 New York Summit – Dec 2009 www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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1997 In what year was the Kyoto protocol signed?
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Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
What is meant by an NGO? Give an example of an NGO involved in tackling the issue of Climate Change.
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An NGO is a non-governmental organisation – an example tackling climate change is Greenpeace
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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May include...
Working with GEO (energy reduction company) – monitoring energy use in classrooms Recycling bins in every classroom Energy club and “energy consultants” Signed up with the Carbon Trust and 10:10 initiative looking at heating and electricity use Turned down thermostats and restricted heating times. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here
Give examples of what we do as a school to try and reduce our carbon footprint / be more environmentally friendly.
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Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
What is meant by our carbon footprint?
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A measure of the impact our activity has on the environment and in particular on climate change. It is a measure of all the greenhouse gases we individually produce in our day to day lives and has units of tonnes (or kg) of CO2 equivalent. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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Example: Huntingdonshire District Council
Signed up to 10:10 campaign to work to cut carbon emissions in county by 10% Greenhouse (Ecohouse) project – in St Ives Solar power panels on roof Rainwater harvesting Triple glazing etc. (to encourage public to see ways in which they can reduce energy use in homes Recycling bins and subsidised home compost bins. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Give examples of what the local council are doing to try and tackle the problems of climate change.
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o o o o
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
What is meant by the term sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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EXAMPLE: NOKIA
Substance management – reduce amount of substances of concern in making mobiles – use more environmentally friends materials – e.g. bio-plastics Energy efficiency – reduce energy consumption in manufacturing and ensuring devices are more energy efficient. Take back and recycling scheme – encourage handing in of old phones (recycle up to 80% of the materials) – “Recycle your mobile campaign” www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 11 - Tectonics
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Give a named example of a company involved in the communications industry that is working towards improving their impact on the environment. Give examples of what they are doing.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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PLAN A
5 main areas with 100 targets over 5 years to work towards sustainability. Climate Change – e.g. reduce energy consumption in stores / inc. Use of renewable energy Waste – aim to reduce amount of packaging and carrier bags. Sustainable raw materials – improve standards in animal welfare – e.g. free range Turkeys and more Organic Clothing goods Fair Partner – work to improve livelihoods of supplies / communities Health – reduce salt / fat content etc. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com
What is the name of Marks and Spencer's sustainable development policy? Explain what it involves.
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Already very successful – success include:
New electric lorries Teardrop ‘eco-lorries’ – emit 20% less CO2 Reduce packaging and most now fully recyclable Cut number of swing tickets Charge for carrier bags M&S and Oxfam Cloth exchange (enc. Recycling) Many garments made from fair-trade goods Supports communities abroad – e.g. Uganda – 15,000 children now have better education Eat well logos on food packs
How successful has Marks and Spencer's sustainable development policy (Plan A) been?
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Encourage people not to change towels daily Describe the ways in which a hotel could reduce its carbon footprint.
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Booking online / email confirmation (reduce paper / printing waste) Any other possible examples accepted www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Could include: Give three ways in which businesses can reduce their carbon footprint and be more sustainable.
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More energy efficient production techniques Encourage customers and staff to recycle Encourage employees to reduce own emissions (e.g. using bus / cycle to work) Use of internet / email (cut paper/printing) Reduction of unnecessary packaging www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Give two examples of sustainable transport management.
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1. London Congestion Charge 2. Guided Bus System – St Ives 3. Park and Ride - Cambridge
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Cambridge Park and Ride
Provides parking for shoppers in safe car parks (CCTV monitored) on edge of town. Parking free – just pay for bus – cuts pollution and reduces number of cars entering city. Cambridge – has 5 park and ride sites close to major routes into Cambridge– e.g. Madingley Road ( just off M11) 4,500 parking spaces available in total – costs £2.20 a day to use www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com For a named example of a Park and Ride system describe its aim and how it works. (5 marks)
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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Explain what is meant by the congestion charge and what its aim is.
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If drivers use designated central area of a city (e.g. London) – have to pay a daily charge – began in London in 2003 – aim to reduce congestion, reduce pollution and encourage greater use of public transport www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Amazon Rainforest Brazil Give two examples of areas of Tropical Rainforest Indonesia West Africa
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Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Name and briefly explain the type of rainfall that occurs in Tropical Rainforest
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Convectional Rainfall – due to daily high temperatures – creates large amounts of evapotranspiration – moisture rises, cools and condenses forming frequent rainfall
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe the climate of a Tropical Rainforest
Lack seasons – year round temperatures between 3035oC Rainfall totals – high all year (above 2,000mm/yr) – with rain falling every day
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe the global distribution of Tropical Rainforests
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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Tropical rainforests are located around the equator and in between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Examples include the Amazon Rainforest - Brazil
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Name the four main layers of vegetation found in the Tropical Rainforest.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Emergent Trees (up to 50m in height) Canopy Under Canopy Shrub Layer www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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May include....
Large leaves in shrub layer – to collect as much sunlight as possible
Describe the ways in which vegetation has adapted to life in the Tropical Rainforest.
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Dense mat of roots to collect nutrients as litter layer decomposes Large buttress roots to support tall trees Lianas use trees to grow up to get sunlight
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe how the Tropical Rainforest nutrient cycle works.
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All year round growing season, resulting in rapid uptake of nutrients throughout the year. As leaves die they fall to ground. Rapid decomposition occurs (due to wet and hot conditions) forming humus which releases nutrients in the soil which are rapidly up taken. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
What is meant by a fragile environment? Give two examples of a fragile environment.
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An environment which is easily disturbed by human activity 1. Tropical Rainforests 2. Tundra Regions
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Rainforest vegetation is strongly adapted to the climate and has a tight cycle of nutrients. If vegetation is removed the source of nutrients is gone. The soils in the rainforest are poor and with no nutrient cycling they rapidly become infertile and soil erosion occurs. Cutting down the trees can alter the rainfall patterns. Changes to the nutrient and water cycle make it difficult for the vegetation to recover. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Explain why the Tropical Rainforest can be seen as a fragile environment.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
May include...
Logging – e.g. Cameroon – commercial wood production – e.g. Local Baka work in soil mills and Naka pigmies employed to show logging companies best trees. Oil Extraction (Ecuador) – e.g. in the oriente region
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Using named examples, outline the main causes of Rainforest Destruction.
Mining e.g. for iron ore and gold – such as in the Amazon region of Brazil (e.g. Carajas Iron Ore mining project) Extract Natural Gas – e.g. gas project in Camisea region of Peru www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
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What are the main impacts of Tropical Rainforest Destruction?
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Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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Loss of Biodiversity and reduction in habitats (e.g. due to oil extraction in Ecuador) Plants with medicinal properties e.g. rosy periwinkle becoming endangered. Increased air pollution (CO2) as areas of forest burnt Soil and aquatic pollution – e.g. in Amazon – River Tapajos – highly toxic mercury polluted waterways – found in fish and in turn affected people Locals exploited / heath affected – e.g. Baka pigmies working in sawmills (Cameroon) – breath in toxic products.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION The Nature Conservancy – helps indigenous people develop the forest sustainably e.g.:
Name an example of an NGO working in the Tropical Rainforest and describe an example of what it does.
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Yr 11 - Tectonics
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Training centres such as one in Manaus (opened in 2006) to train local people how to manage their area and taught about natural resource management “Ethnomapping” – satellite images used to identify areas where illegal logging, hunting etc. – used to help locals plan out use of area. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com
May include amongst others.....
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
1. 2. 3.
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Using specific examples, name and describe five examples of sustainable rainforest management.
4. 5.
Yr 11 - Tectonics
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Merck (USA company) allowed to look for plants with medical properties in Costa Rica – governments get a share of profits) Small scale forestry – seek out naturally fallen trees – dragged out by buffalo (minimise destruction) Inter-cropping – grow crops between trees of the rainforest (e.g. Bananas and cocoa) – sold as organic produce. Eco-tourism – e.g. Costa Rica – trails set up and locals act as guides Governments taking stand – e.g. French Guiana – Kaw mountain area – French government refused a gold mine.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Give examples of medicines derived from Rainforest plants.
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Rosy Periwinkle – used in treatment of Leukaemia Quinine – used in battle against Malaria
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe how changes in the shape of the earth's orbit will affect the world's climate.
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Circular orbit leads to colder periods and more elliptical orbit leads to warmer periods
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Define the following: Global Warming Climate Change www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Global Warming – an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere Climate Change – a long term change in average temperature
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Heat energy from the sun in the form of shortwave radiation enters the atmosphere and energy is reflected back from earth’s surfaces. Some energy escapes, but much of the longwave radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reflected back, warming the atmosphere. The more greenhouse gases, the more heat energy trapped and climate continues to warm. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Explain in detail how the Greenhouse Effect works.
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
A gas which traps heat energy in the atmosphere e.g. What is meant by a Greenhouse Gas? Give 3 examples of Greenhouse Gases. 1. Chloroflurocarbons 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Methane 4. Nitrous Oxide www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
The USA signed the Kyoto protocol but did not implement it - why?
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Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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The Kyoto protocol was signed when Bill Clinton was in power. When George Bush took over the presidency he withdrew USA from the protocol before it was legally binding. Withdrew on the basis that the major developing economies and indeed all countries had the right to grow their economies (Bush concerned that some developing countries not expected to cut emissions like developed www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com countries)
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Describe the aims of the Kyoto protocol and evaluate how successful it was.
Aims: produce legally binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gases and establish an adaptation fund for climate change to help minimise impacts on LICs. Success? – signed by 178 countries agreeing to cut emissions by 5.2% of 1990 levels by cutting emissions or trading in carbon credits. However USA backed out when Bush came to power. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
Either: Give one example of a major volcanic eruption that has impacted on the earth's climate in the past. Laki – Iceland (1783) or Mount Tambora (1815)
Year 11 - Challenges to the Planet
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www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
May include:
Insufficient snow for winter sports in Scotland Sea defences in coastal areas likely to cost greater than £10 billion due to increased erosion Valuable low-lying farmland lost in fens Thames Barrier become ineffectual – flooding of Houses of Parliament More pests / diseases in south due to mild winters. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Describe four negative effects of global warming for the UK
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Yr 11 - Tectonics
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St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION
May include: 1. Higher yields of potatoes, sugar beet and tomatoes due to warmer temperatures. 2. Increased length of growing season in Scotland 3. Mediterranean style summers in the south 4. Warm enough for vines and peaches to be grown in the south. www.geobytesgcse..wordpress.com Using examples describe three positive effects of global warming for the UK.
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Yr 11 - Tectonics
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Studies have shown that earth's temperature is increasing. This change in temperature is due to not only one, but many different factors (Nordell 2003). One major factor causing Global warming is the greenhouse effect (Nordell 2003). This effect involves the increase of greenhouse gas concentration into the atmosphere (Nordell 2003). These increases result in the increase of emissions of carbon dioxide, the increase of burning fossil fuels, and ultimately the increase of global temperature (Nordell 2003). Before Global Warming, geothermal heat flow was the only net heat source on earth (Nordell 2003). We now have heat dissipation from the use of nonrenewable energy adding to the net heat source (Nordell 2003). Examples of these nonrenewable energy resources are traffic, air conditioning, fossil fuel, and nuclear power (Nordell 2003)r. Another cause of Global Warming if fossil energy as well as not fully combusted fuel being converted into heat(Nordell 2003). This process is commonly known as thermal pollution(Nordell 2003). The process untimely stems from the study of thermodynamics, which states that all energy will eventually dissipate into heat(Nordell 2003). The absorption of solar energy at earth's…
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Scientists working on this issue report that the observed global warming cannot be explained by natural variations such as changes in the sun's output or volcanic eruptions. The most authoritative source of information is the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which draws upon the collective wisdom of many hundreds of scientists from around the world. The IPCC projects global temperature increases of 3 to 10 degrees F in the next 100 years and…
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