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GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies
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GEOG1016
Nature Conservation for
Sustainable Societies
Professor C Y Jim
Department of Geography
The University of Hong Kong
GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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AN OVERVIEW OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
QUALITY OF LIFE
NATURE OF RESOURCES
CLASSIFICATION OF
RESOURCES
GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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INTRODUCTION
Human versus resources
 a resource
 humans give an object or a material a use, a function, a value

 a dynamic concept
 changes through time and space
 human appraisal
 consensus
 cultural difference
 technology-dependent
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Resource

 opportunities and limitations
technological constraints
ecological constraints
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Before the
Industrial Revolution
 before ~1750
 small human population (c. 500 million)
 little resource shortage problem
 low-impact culture
resource-frugal culture
close to nature
follow nature’s way

 cowboy mentality (perception)
unlimited frontiers

unexplored lands
“unlimited” resources
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The Industrial Revolution
 technological advances
 around 1750 in Europe
 Invention of machines and factories

 animate to non-animate energy
 increased productivity
 rural to urban migration
 uneven distribution of wealth

 growing affluence
 increasing demands on resources
 resource-intensive culture
 resource-profligate culture
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World GDP/capita in 1-2003 AD

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Relative share of world manufacturing output
1750-1900

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Transition in world manufacturing output

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Relative share of world manufacturing output
1970-2010

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Growth of world industrial production
2010-2011

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Large-scale factory production

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Large-scale waste production

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A continuum of attitudes
traditional to industrialized
cultural difference
 influence of recent environmental problems

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ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
The world is in a mess
 key environmental problems
 symptoms (not causes) of the planet’s crisis

 population-environmental crisis  population versus sustainability GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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Uniqueness of the human species
 self-awareness
 knows the consequences of our actions
 clever or wise?
 yet paradoxically continues to foul our own nest
 “Its an ill bird that fouls its own nest” (English proverb)

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Root cause of the crisis
Population explosion (population bomb)
increase at 1.7% per annum
by net of 2.9 persons per second
(5 births – 2 deaths)
by 174 persons per minute
by 10,400 per hour
by 250,000 per day
by 1.7 million per week
by 7 million per month
by 90 million per year
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World population growth history

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World population growth:
Milestone years

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Population growth rate and doubling time GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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Demographic constant and population doubling time
Demographic constant = 70
(Rule of 70 for exponential growth)
70/Growth rate% = Doubling year
 70/0.5% = 140 years
 70/1.7% = 41 years
 70/2.5% = 28 years
 70/7.0% = 10 years

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Trend in world population growth rate

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World population doubling time: By countries

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World population growth:
Fertility scenarios

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Global population distribution

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Global population density

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Countries with large population in 2010

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Rural-urban migration

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Demographic transition

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World population pyramid and trend GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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Hong Kong population pyramid and trend

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Distribution of population growth in developing and developed regions

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Excessive consumption and depletion of resources
 people’s resource needs, aspiration and expectation
 developed versus developing economies
 per capita consumption or resource demand
 USA 5% global population consumes 30% world’s resources

 intensive people-resource interactions

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Pollution
destructive technologies

effluent of affluent nations
variety and volume of pollutants
tragedy of the commons
environment both source (resources) and sink (wastes)
 increasingly serious and pervasive pollution
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Population growth and carrying capacity

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Ecological footprint
 Measure of human demands on Earth’s ecosystems
 Demand on natural capital
 Amount of biological productive land and sea to satisfy the resource consumption of human population
and to assimilate the associated waste
 2007: aggregate human ecological footprint = 1.5 plant
Earths)
 Humanity uses ecological services 1.5 times as quickly as
Earth can renew them
 ecological overshoot: human demands on ecosystem exceeds capacity to regenerate resources and absorb wastes
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Global hectare (gha)
 Common unit to quantify biocapacity of the Earth
 1 gha = average productivity of biological productive areas in a given year
 Including croplands, forests, fishing ground
 Excluding deserts, glaciers and open ocean
 The Earth has ~ 11.2 billion gha (1/4 of Earth surface)

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Global hectare per capita (gha/capita)
 Amount of gha available to each person on Earth
 Highly uneven distribution:
 World average: 1.6 gha/capita
 India: 0.89 gha/capita
 Africa (average): 1.37 gha/capita
 China: 2.0 gha/capita
 UK: 5.33 gha/capita
 Australia: 7.8 gha/capita
 USA 9.42 gha/capita
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Global resource extraction

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World gha/capita in 2008
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GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

World gha/capita in 2007
(countries by quintile of smallness of footprint)

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Ecological footprint: gha/ha

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Countries with high gha/capita and main causes

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Carbon footprint of electricity generation

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Countries with high and low gha/capita

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Ecological footprint and biocapacity by region in 2000

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Increase in ecological footprint by land use

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Used biocapacity of the world
(average 151% in 2007)

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World ecological footprint overshoot

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Ecological footprint

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Impact on other species

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Global warming

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Global warming

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Global warming
Thousands of metric tons of CO2 emission in March 2006

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Changing public attitude
 recognized as our problem, not someone else’s
 increasing understanding, interest and concern about the environment
 solutions hinge on people’s attitude, value and expectation GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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United Nations Human Development Index (HDI)
Long and healthy life
Life expectancy at birth
Access to knowledge

Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
Decent standard of living
Gross national income (GNI) per capita
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Ecological footprint and human welfare

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Ecological footprint and human welfare

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Food productivity and civilization level
(labour productivity isocline)

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United Nations Human Development Index

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Gross domestic product (GDP) versus
Genuine progress indicator (GPI)

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Recent enlightened views
finite world
limited sink
limit to growth
spaceship earth
balancing economic and ecological considerations changing resource ethics
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QUALITY OF LIFE
Common yardsticks
population size

food supply and quality
industrial production
pollution
social attitude
sustainability of the current path
limit to growth
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World income distribution

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World food production versus population growth

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World hunger

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World undernourished population

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World health

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World poverty:
People living on <US$1.00 per day

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Vicious cycle of poverty

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Optimistic school
 faith in technology and human ingenuity
 solution to resource and environmental problems

 necessity is the mother of invention
 endless options
 promises

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brink of technological revolution
reactions to shortage
changing pattern of demand and supply
allocation of resources

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price increase stimulates
 technological innovations
 use of low grade materials
 discovery of new resources
 substitutes

cheap energy (energy costs)
 reduce unit cost of exploitation

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Scarcity-development cycle GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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Pessimistic (realistic?) school
 technology unable to solve problems
 inadequate time to respond and adjust
 too little, too late

 exponential population growth (J-curve)
 overwhelming environmental problems
 rapid resource depletion rate

J

S

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population rise and expectation
 resource depletion
 overloaded sink

 Earth system exhaustion
 massive starvation and population reduction  collapse of society

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Moderate school
 = pragmatic and realistic attitude
 advocate a fundamental shift
 still enough time
 spendthrift to sustainable society
 live within Earth’s limits
 meet our present needs without preventing future generations and other species from meeting their needs GEOG1016 Nature Conservation for Sustainable Societies / Professor C Y Jim

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suggested solutions
new value on living standard
new economic order
'open' to 'closed' stock perception
cowboy to spaceship mentality
a value to the sink (receiver of pollutants)

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strategies for a sustainable society
conservation
recycling
renewable resource use
restoration of damages
population control and management
adaptability to changes

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New/alternative lifestyle
 ecologically sound
 not ecologically suicidal
 requires imagination and inspiration
 demands leadership at all levels
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One Earth Value:
Sustainable lifestyle that respects nature

Live within Earth’s limit
1. Zero Energy
2. Carbon Neutral
3. Water Balance
4. Materials Balance
5. Zero Waste

6. Land Balance
7. Visionary
8. Resilience
9. Prosperity
10. Happiness
11. Beauty
12. Health
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The end
Please help to protect the world’s natural heritage

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