Genetics Review
Genetics Review
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Stored inside chromosomes and contain all instructions for life
It is made up of Ribose (sugar), phosphate, and when of 4 Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine)
A Nucleotide consists of a Phosphate molecule, a sugar molecule, and a Nitrogenous base pair
The nitrogenous bases always pair up AT and CG
Each human has 46 chromosomes
23 pairs in total
1 pair sex chromosomes (that define your sex, male XX, female XY)
22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
Each pair is homologous – same instructions but different messages
Not all living things have the same number of chromosomes
N = Haploid Number (23 in humans)
2N = Diploid number (46 in humans)
Cell Division:
Mitosis: Occurs only in Somatic Cells
Daughter cells are identical to parent cell
Purpose: GROWTH, REPAIR, and REPRODUCTION
Interphase: Cell grows and DNA duplicates.
Prophase: Chromatin condenses and Nuclear membrane dissolves.
Metaphase: Chromosomes lines up on the equatorial plate (middle)
Anaphase: Sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres
Telophase: Spindle Fibres disappear and nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes at both poles
Cytokinesis: Cell divides into 2
Meiosis: to make reproductive cells
Makes haploid cell
Division happens twice
Crossing over of chromosomes
Homologus: Similar cells but not the same, same genes, but with small differences.
Part 1
Interphase – Chromosomes replicate
Prophase 1 – Nuclear membrane disappears and crossing over happens. Each pair of homologous chromosomes is called a tetrad.
Metaphase 1 – Chromosomes line up in two rows along the middle and Random assortment happens
Anaphase 1 – Homologous chromosomes split to different ends of the cell
Telophase 1 – Nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis 1 – Cell are divided into 2 diploid cells
Part 2
Prophase II – Nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase II – Chromosomes line up in
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Stored inside chromosomes and contain all instructions for life
It is made up of Ribose (sugar), phosphate, and when of 4 Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine)
A Nucleotide consists of a Phosphate molecule, a sugar molecule, and a Nitrogenous base pair
The nitrogenous bases always pair up AT and CG
Each human has 46 chromosomes
23 pairs in total
1 pair sex chromosomes (that define your sex, male XX, female XY)
22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
Each pair is homologous – same instructions but different messages
Not all living things have the same number of chromosomes
N = Haploid Number (23 in humans)
2N = Diploid number (46 in humans)
Cell Division:
Mitosis: Occurs only in Somatic Cells
Daughter cells are identical to parent cell
Purpose: GROWTH, REPAIR, and REPRODUCTION
Interphase: Cell grows and DNA duplicates.
Prophase: Chromatin condenses and Nuclear membrane dissolves.
Metaphase: Chromosomes lines up on the equatorial plate (middle)
Anaphase: Sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres
Telophase: Spindle Fibres disappear and nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes at both poles
Cytokinesis: Cell divides into 2
Meiosis: to make reproductive cells
Makes haploid cell
Division happens twice
Crossing over of chromosomes
Homologus: Similar cells but not the same, same genes, but with small differences.
Part 1
Interphase – Chromosomes replicate
Prophase 1 – Nuclear membrane disappears and crossing over happens. Each pair of homologous chromosomes is called a tetrad.
Metaphase 1 – Chromosomes line up in two rows along the middle and Random assortment happens
Anaphase 1 – Homologous chromosomes split to different ends of the cell
Telophase 1 – Nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis 1 – Cell are divided into 2 diploid cells
Part 2
Prophase II – Nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase II – Chromosomes line up in