Functions Of The Cells Autosaved

Functions of the cells
The functions of cells are shown in the body which is comprised entirely of cells. Every cell also has its own or more than one job to do.
The cell membrane
The cell membrane also known as the - plasma membrane. It consist of two layers of a fatty type substance. Its function is to protect the inside and the outside of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others. The cell membrane also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape.

Active transport
Active transport is usually what happens when a cell uses a source of energy to transport something around the body. This does not include phagocytosis which is the eating cell because a cell works just like a human and needs to eat and drink to survive, then there is pinocytosis which is the drinking cell.
Although in active transport is all about the movement of the individual molecules through the cell membrane. The liquids throughout the inside and outsides of the can all have different substances. Occasionally a cell has to work and use some of the energy it has to maintain the proper balance of ions and molecules.

Cell Membrane Lipids
Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They form a lipid bilayer in which their hydrophilic (attracted to water) head areas naturally assemble to face the aqueous cytosol and the extracellular fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by water) tail areas face away from the cytosol and extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane. The lipid bilayer can be smooth around some parts of the cell but Can also be rough around others.
Cholesterol is another lipid component of cell membranes. It helps to stiffen cell membranes and is not found in the membranes of plant cells.
Glycolipids are located on cell membrane surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them. They help the cell to be aware of other cells of the body.

Cell Membrane Proteins
There can be thousands or millions of proteins found throughout the cell membrane .some will be on the exterior of the cell and some will be on the interior. While the protein passes through the cell membrane there will be some will be special and gave a specific purpose. There are also some proteins embedded in other membranes for cell organelles.

There are two types of proteins in the cell membrane, one is called peripheral proteins and the other is integral proteins. The integral proteins are connected to the cell membrane, they have large sections embedded in the middle layer which is known as the hydrophobic. Peripheral proteins are not bonded as close to the membranes the mainly just hover near the surface of the membrane.

The intergral proteins are very consistent workers for the cell membrane. if you were to look at the membrane as a whole you would notice very few intergral cells compared to peripheral cells.

The Nucleus
Every cell in the body has its own nucleus with one exception of the red blood cells. Skeletal muscles and some other cells contain several nuclei. The nucleus is the largest organelles and it is enclosed with one of the largest nuclear envelope, a membrane similar to the cell membrane but with tiny pores through which some substances can pass between it and the cytoplasm, i.e. the cell contents apart from the nucleus. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material, which leads all the body’s metabolic activities of the cell. This consists of around 46 chromosomes which are made from DNA except when cells are allocated, the chromosomes look like a fine network of threads called chromatin. Within the nucleus is a roughly spherical structure called the nucleolus which is involved in the manufacture (synthesis) and assembly of the components of a ribosomes.

The nucleus acts like the brain of the cell for example it helps to control, eating, movement and reproduction if any of these changes happen to a cell the nucleus knows about it. Although the nucleus is not always at the centre of the cell. It will normally look like an oversized dark spot next to the cytoplasm or the cytosol. It will never be on the edge of the cell either because that could be a dangerous place for the nucleus to be.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are membranous, they have sausage-shaped structures in the cytoplasm, and sometimes they are described as power houses of the cell. The unique shape of the mitochondria means it will have a larger service area so they have more energy. Around the outside there is a layer called cristae which contain proteins that carry out energy harvesting chemical reactions that create ATP which is a energy source from the cell. This cell can also be found in humans, plants and animals. Some researchers suggest that mitochondria may have been bacteria that eventually entered into a relationships with other cells over a period of time. Humans inherit mitochondria from the mother, so over thousands of years not a lot has changed so they can chase the DNA back to one group of individuals. The central role of the mitochondria is cell division and the history of life means this little cell Is well known.
As the mitochondria works as the digestive system to collect nutrients and collects energy. The mitochondria are working organelles that keep the cell full of energy.

Mitochondria are not attached to anything so they are little organelles floating free around a cell. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while some other don’t have any. Mitochondria have a big part to play with muscle cells as they need a lot of energy but on the other hand neurones (cells that send never impulses) don’t need any. If at any point a cell feels that it is not getting enough energy more mitochondria can be created, or the lager mitochondria can combine with more mitochondria. It all depends on the needs of the cell.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the jelly like fluid that fills up the cells, this fluid is mostly made up of water and salt. Cytoplasm would usually be found in the cell membrane of all cells and contains all organelles and cell parts. The cytoplasm has many functions.
Cytoplasm contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for the breaking down of waste and it will also aid the metabolic activity.

The cytoplasm is what gives the cells shape it does this by keeping the cell full, this also keeps organelles in their place and help them pass around easily. Without the fluid cytoplasm the cell would be out of shape and the materials would not be able to pass easily from one organelle to another.

Cytosol is part of the cytoplasm that dose not contain organelles. Although, cytosol is confined by other boundaries of the matrix which fills a part of the cell that do not contains organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that is usually found in the cell od eukaryotic organisms. It is interconnected network of flattened sacs or tubs encased in membranes. These membranes are non-stop, connecting with the outer membrane of the nuclear membrane ER occurs in nearly every type of eukaryotic cells other than red blood cells and sperm cells.
Endoplasmic reticulum comes in two different types, there is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. This type of ER is really prominent in certain kinds of cells like hepatocytes where active proteins synthesis occurs. Smooth ER do not have any ribosomes and this is very important to the process of metabolism.
Endoplasmic reticulum has countless numbers of jobs within the cell, this includes folding and transporting various proteins, specifically carrying them ti the Golgi apparatus. Some other proteins, mostly the glycoproteins, move across the ER’s membrane
The ER is also accountable for making these proteins that it transports with a signal sequence. Other proteins that are heading outside the ER, so they are packed into transport vesicles and moved out the cell via cytoskeleton. Overall the endoplasmic reticulum is a transport system of the eukaryotic cell. Its proteins are contained until they are needed to be moved to different cells.

Ribosomes
The cell structure of ribosomes produces protein, protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can also be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
The locations of the ribosomes in the cell determines what kind of protein it creates. If the ribosomes are freely floating around the cell the proteins that will be utilized within the cell itself. On the other hand when ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER. Proteins made on the rough ER can be used for usage inside and outside the cell.
Proteins are vital part to all the cells, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes need protein to function and carry out there daily activities or routine, for this reason ribosomes are extremely important to the life and survival of living things.

Golgi apparatus
The Golgi-apparatus is an organelle presented in most eukaryotic cells. It is made up of a combination of membrane-bound sacs, it can also be called the Golgi-body, Golgi-complex and dictyosome.
The role of the Golgi-apparatus is to procedure a bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized inside the cell. The Golgi-apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office inside the cell since one major function is to modify, sort and package proteins in to be secreted.
Golgi apparatus is also made up of sacs called cisternae. Usually five to eight cisternae are present in one Golgi-apparatus but sometimes a number as high as sixty cisternae have been found and reviewed by scientists. These bundles of sacs have five distinct functions region, and each region has different enzymes to help it modify the contents, depending on where they end up.
This organelle is also important in many other ways, specifically in its transport of lipids throughout the cell and the formation of lysosomes.
The Golgi-complex works strictly with the rough ER, when the ER makes protein, a transition vesicle is also made. It drifts through the cytoplasm into the Golgi-apparatus where it all gets absorbed. After the Golgi works on the molecules inside, it secretes a vesicle into the cytoplasm which releases the protein molecule out of the cell.

Lysosome
Lysosomes are organelles inside animal cells that are fully membrane-bound. They are not present in red blood cells, though and fungi have a similar structure called vacuoles that serves the same purpose but they are not actually considered a lysosome. As far as cellular components go, lysosomes are relatively a new discovery.
Lysosomes were recently founded in 1974. Lysosomes are chemically sphered shaped structures that contain acid hydrolases, they use enzymes to break down biomolecules like protein and nucleic acid, carbohydrates and lipids, almost like a stomach digest food.
As the garbage disposal of the cell, lysosomes also break down left over cellular wastes, actually digesting the unwanted materials from throughout the cytoplasm and from the outside of the cell, and destroying obsolete components inside the cell. They are called suicide bags or suicide sacs of the cell because they destroy leftover content.
Lysosomes are also in charge of the cellular homeostasis, plasma membrane repair, cell signalling, and energy metabolism. These are actively related to maintaining health and fighting diseases in their host organisms. Depending on the job they’ll do in the cell, lysosomes can vary greatly in size. The largest lysosomes can be as much as ten times larger than the smallest one