Slavery. Whenever we think of the word, our minds conjure up images of slave ships, racism, and most of all, what exactly caused Americans to start using slaves. The settlers needed clearing the newly founded country. By the time the first slaves arrived in the 1600’s, small plantations and farms had sprung up across the thirteen colonies and beyond, especially in the southern colonies. The cheapest and easiest option turned out to be slavery, but what exactly nudged slavery to its height in the 1700’s? In spite of all the other factors that influenced slavery, the social, environmental, and economical circumstances encouraged slavery the most and brought it to where it was in the 1700’s.…
The change of the most common form of forced labor from the seventeenth century to the eighteenth century from indentured servants to African slaves took place during the half-century (1680 to 1730) when more colonists were able to afford slaves. This was at the time that servants were in high demand and in low supply. While the supply for servants was decreasing, the supply for African slaves increased. At the same time of the increase supply of African slaves, there was also in increase in demand for labor on plantations, this was good for the planters who needed the increased labor force. Slaves, contrary to servants, were held indefinitely and produced more slaves, while servants were released after their term was completed and would need…
The causes of the development of the institution of slavery in the period from 1607 to 1750 are due to the growth of farming and the necessity of manual labor to produce a profit. Document 1 leads to this as it shows the changes from 1637-1705 between indentured servants and slaves as the necessity for slaves grew. The most notable dates of this graph are the increase of Servants in 1657-1664 and the fall of these Servants and the growing need for slaves. During this time indentured servants were people who were willing to work to obtain profit mainly hoping to earn enough profit to own land themselves, landowners needed manual labor as they were not fit nor ready to work on their land, so they decided to purchase multiple signed contracts…
Large-scale African slavery was introduced into the English colonies of North America around the middle of the seventeenth century. Although slavery developed in all of the British colonies, it did not have the same level of importance in each of the areas of settlement. Slavery mainly spread over those areas where there were large plantations of high-value cash crops, such as tobacco, indigo, sugar, rice and coffee. Consequently, in the Chesapeake and the Southern colonies, this form of labour rapidly became the basis of their economies. In New England and the Northern colonies, however, slavery was going to remain peripheral.…
Although slavery has always been one of the most influential things in shaping what is America today, it was not always like how people picture it in the modern day, aka: “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. In early seventeenth century Chesapeake region, slaves were kind of treated like indentured servants. They were granted freedom at a certain point in time, whereas slaves in the nineteenth-century were almost never granted freedom by their owners and were treated as property rather than humans due to things like rebellions (such as Shay’s Rebellion or Bacon’s Rebellion). In the early 17th century, slavery was not yet established. Whites would treat slaves and indentured servants almost equally and they weren’t as cruel with them. Slaves in the Chesapeake region were tied to their master just like slaves in the south during the 19th century, but there were certain distinctions between them concerning working conditions and African American culture. In the 17th century, slaves were not put under absolutely terrible working conditions; they were tolerable. A few of the earliest African immigrants gained their freedom and some even became slaveowners themselves. Also, blacks in the tobacco-growing Chesapeake had a somewhat easier lot. Tobacco was a less physically demanding crop than those of the deeper south. However, African Americans in the 19th century had far worse working conditions. Cotton picking before Eli Whitney’s cotton gin was torture and an extreme hazard for the men, women, and even children working in cotton fields. Slaves in the 17th and 19th century also had distinctions in their culture. In the 17th century Chesapeake region, African Americans contributed to the stable growth of a slave culture including: speech, religion, and folkways. They developed a new language called Gullah which used words we still use today like goober, gumbo, and voodoo. They also introduced the ringshot, a West African religious dance and eventually contributed to the development of…
The founding of the majority of American colonies was either for an economic profit or for religious freedom. To make the colonies founded for an economic profit, a large work force was needed. For many religious colonies that turned into huge economic powers, they used the Protestant work ethic. Other colonies decided to use indentured servants originally, but this ended up turning into a large use of slaves for their work force in some colonies. Despite slavery in Britain’s North American colonies originally pertaining to only the economic aspects of the society, it actually developed into an essential part of society and it was maintained for racial, social, and economic reasons. Slaves were used economically because they were cheap labor. Socially, it was respectable in some colonies to be a slave owner. Minorities were thought of lesser people by the whites, so slavery also showed racial superiority. This essay will discuss the racial, social, and economic reasons for the development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies from 1607-1776.…
Throughout the book, The Origins of Slavery, the author, Betty Woods, depicts how religion and race along with social, economic, and political factors were the key factors in determining the exact timing that the colonist’s labor bases of indentured Europeans would change to involuntary West African servitude. These religion and racial differences along with the economic demand for more labor played the key roles in the formation of slavery in the English colonies. When the Europeans first arrived to the Americas in the late sixteenth century, at the colony of Roanoke, the thought of chattel slavery had neither a clear law nor economic practice with the English. However by the end of that following century, the demand for slaves in the English colonies including the Chesapeake, Barbados, Pennsylvania and the Carolinas was so great and the majority of labor was carried out by West African slaves. The argument of whether Native Americans could also be used as a form of labor for the plantation societies of the English colonies is one that was long disputed between the English. Both Native Americans and West Africans were used as social mirrors. This meant that the English set both groups of people against themselves to emphasize what they conceived of as being completely different qualities of religious, social, and political organization, sexual behavior, and skin color. As Betty Woods explores the meaning of freedom and bondage in this small, yet impactful, five chapter book, she further determines the explanations English colonist used in answering the quest for cheap plantation labor.…
In the early 1600s, companies that were given charters by the British crown established colonies in North America. These colonies served to provide the mother country with raw materials. Previously, the only people who could afford come to America were wealthy people. With the idea of indentured servitude developed by joint-stock companies, anyone willing to work for a certain number of years could come to the New World. This system worked for numerous years, however, according to a graph of servants and slaves per probate inventory in York County, Virginia, from the years 1665 to 1695, the number of indentured servants decreased immensely while, from 1680 to 1895, the number of slaves increased. (Doc 1) The graph serves to show the progression…
During the early colonial period, indentured servants had filled the role of labor, working primarily in the Chesapeake region in the cultivation of tobacco. However, as the Dutch lost their monopoly on the slave trade, the price of slaves fell, allowing many plantation owners to purchase slaves and encouraging the growth of the slave trade to America. During the Revolutionary War and the decades following, slavery continued to boom, particularly in the South, where the use of slaves in crop cultivation came to dominate the Southern economy. In the North, industry supported the economy, allowing for a decreased need for slave labor. The difference between the economies of the North and South allowed for different levels of importance for slavery in those areas; however, discrimination prevailed throughout the young nation, leading the African-American community of the time to struggle against whites for freedom and civil rights.…
There was also an increasingly English Market. England shrank the pool of penniless people willing to gamble on a new life or an early death as indentured servants in America. By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies’ new arrivals for the first time. Hard-pinched white colonists, struggling to stay alive and to hack crude clearings out of the forests because could not afford to pay high prices for slaves who might die soon after arrival (white servants.)…
Before the 1680's, indentured servitude was the primary source of labor in the newly developed colonies. There were both white and black indentured servants. White servants had even outnumbered black servants three to one. Some black indentured servants were able to complete there time of service, and even had land and servants of their own. After the 1680's, the population of white indentured servants decreased exponentially. There were a number of different reasons why the population of indentured servants had decreased. For whatever reason, indentured servitude was a form of labor that was declining, and the need for labor increased rapidly. #…
On the other side of the argument, Jordan believes it wasn’t until after the establishment of New World colonies that slavery became racialized. He states that the new settlers felt an overwhelming since of disorientation and isolation. Losing many passengers on the voyage to the New World, and then being thrust into a rugged uncivilized territory prompted quick and immediate solutions. Tudor statesmen began to harp on the importance of a labor system. A system which would constitute the social norms for the New World. The answer seemed simple, find cheap labor. This labor would provide the work force behind the growth of colonies and more importantly the cash crop. Its no secret to historians that New World colonies flourished from agriculture. Jordan claims that by the year “1660 slavery crystallized on the statue books of Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies” (Jordan 26). The developing of a new community also created the subconscious need to distinguish the outsiders from the insiders. With the increasing number of Scottish and Irish servants the need to distinguish a “true Englishman” became inevitable.…
The development of America’s government, and social structure that we know today started to form after the first colonies were established. During the beginning of the eighteenth century in America the thought of English liberties started to take root with these colonists. When looking at the statement “during the first half of the eighteenth century, new ideas of English liberty had little effect on power relations in colonial America; throughout this period, the upper classes retained their dominance of colonial affairs” we can see how this is persuasive and not. This statement is persuasive because these liberties provided more power to the upper class in government, and can be less persuasive because the lower class would gain more power…
In the 1600s, the indentured servants represented over three-quarters of all European immigrants to Maryland and Virginia. By the brink of the eighteenth century, about 100,000 of these laborers had been imported to the Chesapeake area. These servants led a hard life, but looked forward to their eventual freedom and gaining their own land after finishing their term of servitude. As land became scarcer, though, the masters became reluctant to include land in the “freedom dues.” Life became even harsher for the indentured servants as the years went by, the smallest infractions being punished with…
When the English settlers founded Jamestown in 1607, slaves were not being used anywhere in America. The Jamestown settlement was very important for the English because it started a continuous English presence in America. The original goal of the settlers was to spread christianity to the native communities(Johnson 23). After a while, the English discovered that tobacco could be easily produced in the Americas and they quickly began producing it in mass. Due to Jamestown’s mass production of tobacco, slaves were needed to work on plantations which ultimately led to chattel slavery spreading throughout the country(Johnson 27). The progression of slavery in America had three sections: The discovery of tobacco, the need for slaves to grow tobacco and other colonies adapting to the newly found slave labor, and without Jamestown…