Formal vs. Informal Education
Individual differences: Learning styles, learning strategies and motivation
Are you a good language learner?
• 1. Do you try to use words you have recently learnt? • 2. Do you answer the teacher’s question silently in yourself when he/she calls on another person? • 3. Do you succeed in finding out unknown words/expressions while reading or listening?. • 4. Are you willing to talk in English at a reception where there are a lot of foreigners? • 5. Do you correct other students’ mistakes in yourself? • 6. When talking in English what is more important for you: that you should be understood or that what you say does not contain an error?
The good language learner
• • • • attention to form: GLLs regard the L2 as a system and make conscious efforts to analyze its rules; attention to meaning: GLLs are able to pay attention to meaning and form at the same time; active involvement in learning: awareness of the learning process: GLLs are conscious of their learning methods, strategies and styles; flexible and appropriate use of learning strategies: GLLs use the appropriate strategies in different situations and are able to modify their strategies in response to the learning situation.
Learning strategies: Definitions
• "Learning strategies are techniques, approaches or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning, recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chamot, 1987). • Language learning strategies are behaviours or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable" (Oxford, 1989).
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Learning strategies: Characteristics
• • • • Strategies include general approaches and specific actions or techniques used to learn L2. Strategies are problem-oriented. Strategies are used consciously. Strategies can be linguistic (e.g. asking for an unknown word) and non-linguistic (e.g. miming an unknown verb). Linguistic strategies can be expressed in L1 and in L2. Some strategies
Are you a good language learner?
• 1. Do you try to use words you have recently learnt? • 2. Do you answer the teacher’s question silently in yourself when he/she calls on another person? • 3. Do you succeed in finding out unknown words/expressions while reading or listening?. • 4. Are you willing to talk in English at a reception where there are a lot of foreigners? • 5. Do you correct other students’ mistakes in yourself? • 6. When talking in English what is more important for you: that you should be understood or that what you say does not contain an error?
The good language learner
• • • • attention to form: GLLs regard the L2 as a system and make conscious efforts to analyze its rules; attention to meaning: GLLs are able to pay attention to meaning and form at the same time; active involvement in learning: awareness of the learning process: GLLs are conscious of their learning methods, strategies and styles; flexible and appropriate use of learning strategies: GLLs use the appropriate strategies in different situations and are able to modify their strategies in response to the learning situation.
Learning strategies: Definitions
• "Learning strategies are techniques, approaches or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning, recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chamot, 1987). • Language learning strategies are behaviours or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable" (Oxford, 1989).
•
Learning strategies: Characteristics
• • • • Strategies include general approaches and specific actions or techniques used to learn L2. Strategies are problem-oriented. Strategies are used consciously. Strategies can be linguistic (e.g. asking for an unknown word) and non-linguistic (e.g. miming an unknown verb). Linguistic strategies can be expressed in L1 and in L2. Some strategies