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Exposé Institutions Politiques Uk

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Exposé Institutions Politiques Uk
Le système politique britannique

Introduction :
Dès 1215, le Royaume-Uni a constitué une exception politique en Europe. C’est une monarchie constitutionnelle, c’est-à-dire un régime qui reconnaît un souverain comme chef d’Etat, mais dont les pouvoirs sont limités par une constitution. Cependant, à la différence de la France, le Royaume-Uni ne possède pas de constitution écrite à proprement parler. Cette constitution repose sur des textes fondamentaux tels que l’Habeas Corpus ou le Bill of Rights. Contrairement à ses voisins, le Royaume-Uni vit dans le cadre d’une démocratie parlementaire reconnue par tous, comportant un système de séparation des pouvoirs. Le pouvoir exécutif est symboliquement détenu par le souverain, mais dévolu en pratique à un Premier Ministre. Le pouvoir législatif est accordé au Parlement devant lequel le gouvernement est responsable. C’est donc un régime parlementaire moniste.

Problématique :
En quoi les institutions politiques britanniques font-elles du Royaume-Uni une exception européenne ?
Comment ces institutions ont-elles évolué au cours des derniers siècles ?
Le système politique du Royaume-Uni est-il un modèle pour les autres nations ?

I°) Les textes fondamentaux et les origines du système britannique

A. La Grande Charte

Le premier texte dont la déclaration française des droits de l’homme de 1789 peut se réclamer est la Magna Carta ou Grande Charte, rédigée en 1215, sur le sol français, dans l’abbaye cistercienne de Pontigny, par des Anglais émigrés en révolte contre leur roi, Jean sans terre. Cette « Grande Charte des libertés d’Angleterre » est le premier texte d’une longue série incarnant la volonté de protection des sujets du roi d’Angleterre contre l’arbitraire de la couronne et de ses agents. Il énumère les privilèges accordés à l’Eglise d’Angleterre, à la cité de Londres, aux marchands, et aux dignitaires féodaux du régime. C’est aussi, probablement, le premier document dans le monde prévoyant des mesures

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