Evolution of Animals and Their Organ Systems
Organ Systems Project
(Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Reproductive, Nervous) There is an enormous variety of life on our planet Earth ranging from simple cell bacteria to complex multicellular animals. Animals are creatures in the kingdom Animilia, one of the kingdoms in Whitakers 5 kingdom system. Their bodies consist of 555tanimal eukaryotic cells. Meaning their cell or cells contain a nucleus, are surrounded by a cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and can self-reproduce in a free medium. However, not all animals are anatomically the same. They have evolutionized, inside and out, from the ancestral protozoa all the way to the most complex animals chordates. As the animals evolved, cells became tissue, tissues became organs, and organs became organ systems to be able to function as a single organism. The organ systems include: integumentary, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, immune, and endocrine. Yet, not all organ systems are found in all the ten phyla of animals, but the animals with absent organ systems, have cells or tissues that work together to replace the organ system. The simplest animals include Protozoan. They are microscopic unicellular organisms that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals of the other phyla. Since they have only cell level of organization, the organelles with in the cell are responsible for the functions the organ systems would perform. For example, in reality, the functions of the digestive system are to capture and physically or chemically disintegrate food, absorb, detoxify, alternate, store and control the release of products of digestion and metabolism. Using a paramecium as the representative ciliated protozoa, the digestive system can be replaced with the oral groove, mouth pore, gullet, developing food vacuole, circulating food vacuole and anal pore. Food particles enter the ciliated oral groove pass through the mouth pore and
(Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Reproductive, Nervous) There is an enormous variety of life on our planet Earth ranging from simple cell bacteria to complex multicellular animals. Animals are creatures in the kingdom Animilia, one of the kingdoms in Whitakers 5 kingdom system. Their bodies consist of 555tanimal eukaryotic cells. Meaning their cell or cells contain a nucleus, are surrounded by a cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and can self-reproduce in a free medium. However, not all animals are anatomically the same. They have evolutionized, inside and out, from the ancestral protozoa all the way to the most complex animals chordates. As the animals evolved, cells became tissue, tissues became organs, and organs became organ systems to be able to function as a single organism. The organ systems include: integumentary, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, immune, and endocrine. Yet, not all organ systems are found in all the ten phyla of animals, but the animals with absent organ systems, have cells or tissues that work together to replace the organ system. The simplest animals include Protozoan. They are microscopic unicellular organisms that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals of the other phyla. Since they have only cell level of organization, the organelles with in the cell are responsible for the functions the organ systems would perform. For example, in reality, the functions of the digestive system are to capture and physically or chemically disintegrate food, absorb, detoxify, alternate, store and control the release of products of digestion and metabolism. Using a paramecium as the representative ciliated protozoa, the digestive system can be replaced with the oral groove, mouth pore, gullet, developing food vacuole, circulating food vacuole and anal pore. Food particles enter the ciliated oral groove pass through the mouth pore and