Epidemiology - Midterm Study Guide
Epidemiology Study Guide
CHAPTER1
Definitions:
Epidemiology - The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of control of health problems
Health - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Objectives:
Epidemiology – * Identify the cause (etiology) of a disease * Determine the extent of disease in the community * Study the natural history and prognosis (forecast) of disease
COMPARISON:
1900’s = top 3 causes of death = pneumonia/influenze, tuberculosis, diarrhea and enteritis
21st century top 3 causes of death = heart disease, cancer, stroke
Evaluation: Health problems were bacterial and virus related, now problems are lifestyle related
Types of Care: * Primary (example = preventative – cancer screens, pink ribbons, eat well, etc.) * Preventing the development of a disease in a person who is well and does not (yet) have the disease (i.e. health education campaigns, immunizations) * Secondary (example = reactive – disease exists in patient but signs are not visible) * Involves identifying people in whom a disease has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs and symptoms of the illness (Preclinical Phase) * Tertiary (example = reactive – patient is sick and is now receiving clinical care and aide) * Preventing complications in those who have already developed signs and symptoms of an illness and have been diagnosed (Clinical Phase)
Ignaz Semmelweis = Childbed fever * Compared mortality rates between 2 clinics – developed hand-washing importance and germ theory
Edward Jenner = Smallpox – small pox eradication (1980)
John Snow (aka father of epidemiology) = Cholera * Studied cases of cholera in London, isolated cause to water pump which he then removed the handle from, and new cases declined.
CHAPTER2
Definitions:
CHAPTER1
Definitions:
Epidemiology - The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of control of health problems
Health - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Objectives:
Epidemiology – * Identify the cause (etiology) of a disease * Determine the extent of disease in the community * Study the natural history and prognosis (forecast) of disease
COMPARISON:
1900’s = top 3 causes of death = pneumonia/influenze, tuberculosis, diarrhea and enteritis
21st century top 3 causes of death = heart disease, cancer, stroke
Evaluation: Health problems were bacterial and virus related, now problems are lifestyle related
Types of Care: * Primary (example = preventative – cancer screens, pink ribbons, eat well, etc.) * Preventing the development of a disease in a person who is well and does not (yet) have the disease (i.e. health education campaigns, immunizations) * Secondary (example = reactive – disease exists in patient but signs are not visible) * Involves identifying people in whom a disease has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs and symptoms of the illness (Preclinical Phase) * Tertiary (example = reactive – patient is sick and is now receiving clinical care and aide) * Preventing complications in those who have already developed signs and symptoms of an illness and have been diagnosed (Clinical Phase)
Ignaz Semmelweis = Childbed fever * Compared mortality rates between 2 clinics – developed hand-washing importance and germ theory
Edward Jenner = Smallpox – small pox eradication (1980)
John Snow (aka father of epidemiology) = Cholera * Studied cases of cholera in London, isolated cause to water pump which he then removed the handle from, and new cases declined.
CHAPTER2
Definitions: