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Entraining Tones and Binaural Beats

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Entraining Tones and Binaural Beats
Entraining Tones and Binaural Beats

- by Dave Siever of Mind Alive Inc.

Sound can have profound effects on people. Although sounds appear to be a personal experience, humans around the world are hard-wired to have similar experiences to certain sounds. The sound of chirping birds in a forest produces even harmonics and will be more relaxing than the sounds from a factory (odd harmonics), not just because of the associations people make with sounds of nature versus factories, but also because of the harmonic content. However, if a person has a fear of birds (ornithophobia), then chirping birds might be quite distressing. Skilled musicians today continue to purchase vacuum-tube pre-amplifiers because vacuum-tube amps generate even-harmonic distortion that is enjoyable to listen to, whereas transistors generate odd-harmonic distortion, which often “gets on the nerves.” Spooky sounds can make people feel anxious and scared, whereas up-tempo sounds can make people feel energetic and lively. Rock music has been shown to reduce an ADD child’s hyperactivity and improve the child’s ability to pay attention while studying (Cripe, 1986).

Dissociation
Dissociation is traditionally associated with pathology. However, dissociation can also have a good side to it. Dissociation occurs when we meditate, exercise, go biking, hiking, read a good book, take in a movie or enjoy a sporting event, because we get drawn into the present moment and dissociate from all of our daily worries, anxieties and the resulting unhealthy mental chatter. Several techniques such as dot staring and stimulus depression have been shown to induce dissociation (Leonard, Telch, & Harrington, 1999). Audioanalgesia using white noise and/or music has been shown to effectively increase pain threshold and pain tolerance during a dental procedure (Gardner & Licklider, 1959; Gardner, Licklider, & Weisz, 1960; Schermer, 1960; Monsey, 1960; Sidney, 1962; Morosko & Simmons, 1966). Regardless of the activity,



References: Chatrian, G., Petersen, M. & Lazarte, J. (1959). Response to clicks from the human brain: Some depth electrographic observations. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 12, 479-489. Cripe, F. (1986). Rock music as therapy for children with attention deficit disorder: An exploratory study. Journal of Music Therapy, 23 (1), 550-562. Dewitt, C. (1966). An investigation of psychological and behavioral responses to dental extraction in children. Journal of Dental Research, 45, 1637-1651. Frederick, J., Lubar, J., Rasey, H., Brim, S., & Blackburn, J. (1999). Effects of 18.5 Hz audiovisual stimulation on EEG amplitude at the vertex. Journal of Neurotherapy, 3 (3), 23-27. Gardner, W. & Licklider, J. (1959). Auditory analgesia in dental operations. Journal of the American Dental Association, 59, 1144-1149. Gardner, W., Licklider, J. & Weisz, A. (1960). Suppression of pain by sound, Science, 132, 32. Kennerly, R. (2004). QEEG analysis of binaural beat audio entrainment: A pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy. Vol 8, (2), 122. Lane, J., Kasian, S., Owens, J., & Marsh, G. (1998). Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiology & Behavior. Vol 63, 2, 249-252. Lazarus, R. (1966). Some principles of psychological stress and their relation to dentistry. Journal of Dental Research, 45, 1620-1626. Le Scouarnec, R., Poirier, R.,Owens, J., & Gauthier, J. (2001). Use of binaural beat tapes for treatment of anxiety: a pilot study of tape preference and outcomes. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 7, (1), 58-63. Leonard, K., Telch, M., & Harrington, P. (1999). Dissociation in the laboratory: A comparison of strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 49-61. Manns, A., Miralles, R., & Adrian, H. (1981). The application of audiostimulation and electromyographic biofeedback to bruxism and myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Oral Surgery, 52 (3), 247-252. Monsey, H. (1960). Preliminary report of the clinical efficacy of audio-analgesia. Journal of the California Dental Association, 36, 432-437. Page 15 Copyright 2009 Morosko, T. & Simmons, F. (1966). The effect of audio-analgesia on pain threshold and pain tolerance. Journal of Dental Research, Vol 45, 1608-1617. Morse, D. & Chow, E. (1993). The Effect of the RelaxodontTM brain wave synchronizer on endodontic anxiety: Evaluation by galvanic skin resistance, pulse rate, physical reactions, and questionnaire responses. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 40 (1-4), 68-76. Oster, G. (1973). Auditory beats in the brain. Scientific American, X, 94-102. Schermer, R. (1960). Analgesia using the “Steregesic Portable”. Military Medicine, 125, 843-848. Sidney, B. (1962). Audio-analgesia in pediatric practice: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Pediatric Association, 7, 503-504. Siever, D. (2000). The rediscovery of audio-visual entrainment technology. Unpublished manuscript. Siever, D. (2003). Audio-visual entrainment: 1. History and physiological mechanisms. Biofeedback. 31 (2), 21-27. Stevens, L., Haga, Z., Queen, B., Brady, B., Adams, D., Gilbert, J.,Vaughan, E., Leach, C, Nockels, P, McManus, P. (2003). Binaural beat induced theta EEG activity and hypnotic susceptibility: Contradictory results and technical considerations American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. Vol 45, 4, 295-309. Ulam, F. (2006). An investigation of the effects of binaural beat frequencies on human brain waves. The Sciences and Engineering. Vol 67,2-B, 1198. Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., Zwickey, H., & Zajdel. D. (2007). Binaural beat technology in humans: A pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13, 2, 199-206. Page 16 Copyright 2009

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