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Efficient Capital Markets A review of theory and empirical work
American Finance Association

Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work
Author(s): Eugene F. Fama
Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth
Annual Meeting of the American Finance Association New York, N.Y. December, 28-30, 1969
(May, 1970), pp. 383-417
Published by: Wiley for the American Finance Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2325486 .
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SESSION TOPIC: STOCK MARKET PRICE BEHAVIOR
SESSION CHAIRMAN: BURTON G. MALKIEL

EFFICIENT CAPITAL MARKETS: A REVIEW OF
THEORY AND EMPIRICAL WORK*
EUGENE

I.

F. FAMA**

INTRODUCTION

THE PRIMARYROLE of the capital market is allocation of ownership of the

economy'scapitalstock.In generalterms,theideal is a marketin whichprices provideaccuratesignalsforresourceallocation: that is, a marketin which decisions,and investorscan choose firmscan make production-investment amongthe securitiesthat representownershipof firms'activitiesunderthe assumptionthat securitypricesat any time "fullyreflect"all available inA marketin whichpricesalways"fullyreflect"availableinformaformation. tionis called"efficient."
This paper reviewsthe theoreticaland



References: Review,2 (May 1961), 7-26. Also reprintedin [8], 199-218. 3. Louis Bachelier. TheIoriede la Speculation (Paris: Gauthier-Villars,1900), and reprintedin English in [8], 17-78. Research,6 (Autumn, 1968), 159-78. 7. Marshall Blume. "The Assessment of Portfolio Performance." Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Universityof Chicago, 1968 April, 1970,Journalof Business. 8. Paul Cootner (ed.). The Random Characterof Stock MarketPrices. Cambridge: M.I.T., 1964. Review,3 (Spring 1962), 24-45. Also reprintedin [8], 231-52. 10. Eugene F. Fama. "The Behavior of Stock Market Prices." Journal of Business, 38 (January, 1965), 34-105. Decisions." AmericanEconomic Review, (March, 1970). . "Risk, Return and Equilibrium." Report No. 6831, University of Chicago, 12. Center for Math. Studies in Business and Economics,June, 1968. of Business,39 (Special Supplement,January,1966), 226-41. Prices to New Information."InternationalEconomic Review, X (February, 1969), 1-21. 63 (September, 1968), 817-36. of Stock Market Behavior." Kyklos, 17 (1964), 1-30. 17. C. W. J. Grangerand 0. Morgenstern."Spectral Analysisof New York Stock Market Prices," Kyklos,16 (1963), 1-27 18. John R. Hicks. Value and Capital. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1946. 19. Michael Jensen. "The Performanceof Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-64," Journal of Finance,23 (May, 1968), 389-416. Society,96 (Part I, 1953), 11-25. Bureau of Economic Research Occasional Paper No. 91. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965. 23. Benjamin F. King. "Market and Industry Factors in Stock Price Behavior," Journal of Business, 39 (Special SupplementJanuary, 1966), 139-90. 24. John Lintner. "Security Prices, Risk, and Maximal Gains from Diversification,"Journal of Finance, 20 (December, 1965), 587-615. Portfoliosand Capital Budgets," Review of Economics and Statistics,47 (February, 1965), 13-37. 27. Benoit Mandelbrot. "Forecasts of Future Prices, Unbiased Markets, and Martingale Models," Journal of Business,39 (Special Supplement,January, 1966), 242-55. OperationsResearch, 15 (November-December,1967), 1057-62. 30. Harry Markowitz.PortfolioSelection:Efficient John Wiley & Sons, 1959.

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