EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE DEPOSITION IN HARGEISA CITY, SOMALILAND

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE DEPOSITION IN
HARGEISA CITY, SOMALILAND

____________________________

A Thesis Proposal
Submitted to the faculty of EDUCATION
Amoud University borama, Somaliland

________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a
Bachelor of education
_______________________

By:

Adem jama shire

January , 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS

One THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1 Background of the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 4 Purpose of the Study 5 Specific Objectives 5 Research Questions 6 Null Hypothesis 6 Scope of the Study 6 Significance of the Study 7 To the Government 7 Definition of operational terms 8 Conceptual framework 9

Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 11 Concepts, Opinions, Ideas from Authors/Experts 11 Theoretical Perspectives 12 Related Studies 14

Three METHODOLOGY 26 Research Design 26 Research Population 26 Sample Size 27 Sampling procedure 28 Research instruments 28 Validity and Reliability 28 Data gathering procedures 29 Data Analysis 30 Ethical Consideration 30 Limitations in the Study 31
References 32 Appendix i: Transmittal letter for the respondents 35 Appendix ii: Informed consent 36 Appendix iii: Questionnaires for selected Respondents 37 Appendix iv: Interview Guide for selected local residents 42 Appendix v: Researcher's curriculum vitae 43

DECLARATION A

“This thesis proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a Degree or any other academic award in any University or Institution of Learning”.

Name and Signature of Candidate

Date

DECLARATION B

“I confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under my supervision”. Name and Signature of Supervisor Date

CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Background of the Study

Waste can be referred to as any material or matter for which a specific owner ceases to have use for any purpose. It is any material that is no longer unwanted and is meant to be discarded. Waste can be in a solid, liquid fluid or in a gaseous form (Hoornweg, 1999). A product, material or container may not be considered waste until someone makes a decision to get rid away or actually throws it away. in developing countries, waste products range from domestic to agricultural and industrial, depending on the level of living standards.

Solid waste, also commonly known as garbage, refuse or rubbish is a waste type consisting of everyday items we consume and discard at household level. It predominantly includes food wastes, yard wastes, containers and product packaging, and other inorganic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources (Ray, 2008). Examples of inorganic wastes are appliances, newspapers, clothing, food scrapes, boxes, disposable tableware, footwear, office and classroom paper, furniture, wood pallets, rubber tires, and cafeteria wastes. It’s important that waste gets categorized into bio-degradable and non biodegradable for purposes of meaningful disposal.

Waste disposal is the placement of waste into or on the land. Disposal facilities are usually designed to permanently contain the waste and prevent the release of harmful pollutants to the environment. The most common method of solid waste disposal is by landfill, where waste is placed into the land. The construction and management of landfills should be done carefully in order to prevent the contamination of the surrounding environment. Another waste disposal method used to manage liquid waste is the injection wells in which liquids are disposed deep under ground. Injection wells are also carefully monitored to ensure that buried wastes do not affect drinking water resources. (McNelly, 2000).

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources that can still be put to good use. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. (Pongrácz & Pohjola, 2004). Solid waste recycling in some sense can develop systems when well managed to absorb what is still useful from them.

On a global scale, calculating the amount of waste being generated presents a problem. There are a number of issues including a lack of reporting by many countries and inconsistencies in the way countries report. The definitions and surveying methods employed by countries also vary considerably.

In the USA, solid waste consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses. According to a report by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2009, Americans produced about 243 million tons of solid waste, or about 4.3 pounds of waste per person per day. Of all this waste, 33.8 percent is recovered and recycled or composted, 11.9 percent is burned at combustion facilities, and the remaining 54.3 percent is disposed of in landfills (US-EPA, 2009).

In the European Union, every year, some 2 billion tones of waste are produced in the Member States, that is about 9 pounds of waste per person per day, and this figure is rising steadily (EU – Environmental Commission, 2010).

On the African continent, according to a report by the Stockholm Environment Institute, residents in major cities in Africa like Kampala, Addis Ababa, Johannesburg, Cairo, Accra and Lagos, produce between 600,000 to 1,200,000 tons of solid waste per year, and waste management absorbs about 50% of the total municipal budget. It goes on to say that only 40% to 70% of this waste is even collected (EU-EC, 2009). Poor waste management practices, in particular, widespread dumping of waste in water bodies and uncontrolled dump sites, aggravates the problems of generally low sanitation levels across the African continent. Urbanization is on the rise in Africa, and this trend is expected to continue in the future.

Of concern is the inability of infrastructure and land use planning methods (including for waste management) to cope with urban growth, (the highest in the world) at 3.5 per cent annually. This is particularly urgent in slum areas, which constitute a big part of many of the cities and towns in Africa. Waste management infrastructure is largely non-existent in rural areas of Africa. Improvements in infrastructure are urgently needed to combat the high cost of health services and thereby alleviate poverty and reduce rural-urban migration (EU-EC, 2009).

Waste generation is expected to increase significantly as a result of industrialization, urbanization and modernization of agriculture in Africa. This will further aggravate current capacity constraints in waste management. The fast growing use of ICT and rapid turn-over in technology, particularly computers, mobile phones is creating a growing E-waste stream, for which there is no waste management capacity yet. This leads to disposal of both E-waste and municipal waste in dump sites. Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns of the growing urban middle class, in particular, is increasing the complexity and composition of waste streams in Africa (EU-EC, 2009).

Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology, wastes which are hard and dangerous to manage worldwide. Some components of waste have economical value and can be recycled once correctly recovered (Ray, 2008).

Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. It is widely recognized that waste materials are a valuable resource, whilst there is debate as to how this value is best realized. Such concepts are colloquially expressed in western culture by idioms like "One man's trash is another man's treasure." (Ray, 2008).

There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste management, notably including:
Municipal Waste includes household waste, commercial waste, demolition waste, also construction wastes and left-over’s.
Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste.
Bio-medical Waste includes clinical waste.
Expired medical drugs and foodstuffs.
Statement of the Problem

With the global population now at over 7 billion people and growing further by the day, the rate at which waste is generated daily is increasing. People generate waste from all kinds of activities, from household work to agricultural fields, to industries. In the 21st century, the management of the waste that we generate is also becoming a major threat to the global environment, as it’s a major source of green house gas emissions. Where there are human activities, waste generation cannot be avoided, but it’s the way of disposal of the waste that is of a major concern.

World over, in both developed and developing countries, there is a widespread challenge of how best to manage and dispose off waste. The problem is further compounded by the rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries. The UN Population Agency estimates that by 2020, over 60% of the global population will be living in cities or urban settings. The capacity to dispose off waste in the most appropriate way is relatively low in most developing countries, where just a fraction of the waste generated is actually collected in the first place.

There is widespread information about the level of waste generation in developing countries, but the information about the disposal of these wastes is quite lacking, and when it comes to how the inappropriate disposal of waste affects the surrounding, the available information is even more lacking, thus the necessity to conduct a study to assess the effects of solid waste disposal, and that is what compelled the researcher to carry out this study.
Purpose of the Study

All over the globe, it’s now widely accepted that the world is generating more solid waste than it can handle, the result of which is a catastrophic environmental disaster which threatens to affect the whole world. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of solid waste disposal on the surrounding environment in Hargeisa city, Somaliland.
Specific Objectives

This study is geared towards achieving the following objectives:
1. To identify the volume and content of solid waste generated in Hargeisa city, Somaliland.
2. To determine the solid waste disposal methods used to dispose off the waste generated in Hargeisa city, Somaliland.
3. To quantify the effects of the current solid waste disposal methods on the surrounding environment in Hargeisa city, Somaliland.
4. To carry out domestic waste weighing of 100 families for 1 month.
Research Questions

In order to achieve these objectives, the following guiding questions were set:

1. What is the volume and content of solid waste generated in Hargeisa city, Somaliland?
2. What are the solid waste disposal methods used to dispose off the waste generated in Hargeisa city, Somaliland?
3. What are the effects of the current solid waste disposal methods on the surrounding environment in Hargeisa city, Somaliland?
Null Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between solid waste disposal and the surrounding environmental setup in Hargeisa city.
Scope of the Study

Geographical Scope

The study will be carried out in Ahmed Ahagax, Gacan Libax and 26-June divisions in Hargeisa city, the de-facto capital of the self proclaimed independent state of Somaliland, in the Woqooyi Galbeed region of Somalia. It’s located about 920 kilometers North West of the Somali capital city of Mogadishu.

Content Scope

The study will focus on assessment of the types of solid wastes generated in Hargeisa city, the volume or quantity of the wastes and how they are disposed off. It will specifically be concentrated on examining the effects of the current solid waste disposal methods on the surrounding environment around the disposal areas and the city at large. A clear experiment on weighing solid waste generated at household level will be done to determine current scope and project future stand of waste generation.

Time Scope

The study will be limited to the solid waste collection and disposal activities in and around Hargeisa city for a period of three years, from 2008-2010, and will be carried out in two month (60 working days).

Theoretical Scope

The study will be guided by the waste management theory (WMT), which provides a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management, in an effort to organize the diverse variables of the waste management system as it stands today. It’s widely seen to provide the most appropriate background to partnerships as the principle vehicle for working with waste management. It will also
Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are beneficial to many different categories of people and in many different ways:

To the Government
This study is of great priority to the government as a whole given the fact that effective solid waste management is one of the core areas of public service, especially in the city. The study findings will therefore be beneficial to policy makers as it will act as a tool in formulating the right policies that will enhance proper solid waste management in Hargeisa city.

To the Local people
To the local people the study will act as a yardstick in measuring the effectiveness of local government policies towards solid waste management in the city. And to policy implementers, the findings of the study will help in directing the counter measures to be used in addressing the challenges identified in the study in order to foster better management and handling of solid wastes in order to minimize environmental damage.

To Hargeisa City management
The findings of this study will go a long way in influencing solid waste management strategies that will intrinsically incorporate modern technology to increase recycling mechanisms.

To future researchers
The study will contribute to the available knowledge as well as act as a basis for further research on the same subject.

This study will benefit the researcher by helping him acquire practical research skills and will also serve as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a degree of Master of Science in Environmental Management of Kampala International University.
Definition of operational terms

Waste - It is a matter for which a specific owner ceases to have use for it. It is also any unwanted or discarded matter. It can be in a solid, liquid or in a gaseous form. A product, material or container is not considered waste until someone throws it away.

Solid waste - It is non liquid waste arising from domestic, trade, industrial, agricultural, mining, construction activities and from public services. Or Solid waste may be defined as “unwanted material disposed by man, which can neither flow into streams nor escapes immediately into the atmosphere.” These cause pollution in water, air and soil.

Solid waste management - Refers to all the activities that seek to minimize the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid waste, or the process of removing the discarded materials from in habited places in a timely manner to prevent the spread of disease, and to dispose the discarded materials in a manner that environmentally acceptable.

Population – Is a group of the same species that inhabit the same area. In this study, population will be used to mean the people that stay in Hargeisa city, Somaliland.
Conceptual framework

The study will be carried out basing on the interrelationships between the variables in the research problem. The conceptual framework examines the effect that the current solid waste disposal methods have on the surrounding environment in Hargeisa city.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The figure 1 above explains the connection between solid waste disposal 9the independent variable) and its effects on the surrounding environment (the dependent variable). In light of the above, this implies that without adequate, effective and appropriate statistics of volumes of solid waste generation and its content, collection and proper disposal, there will be a disastrous effect on the surrounding environment.

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Concepts, Opinions, Ideas from Authors/Experts

In the technical sense, the term ‘solid waste’ is used inclusively to refer to all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as: general domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human feces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and
Fallen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications.

Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development. Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment (Doorn and Barlaz, 1995). Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems, including contaminating water, attracting insects and rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. In addition, it may result in safety hazards from fires or explosions. Improper waste management also increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which contribute to climate change. Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste collection, transport, and disposal, along with activities to prevent or recycle waste, can eliminate these problems.

The improper disposal of solid waste has a serious and dangerous impact on a wide range of areas. Garbage thrown in the street or in open spaces creates a public health hazard, while waste dumped near rivers, lakes and streams contaminates the water supply (Hoornweg, 1999). Rubbish that is burned in the open rather than disposed of properly creates pollution and releases toxic fumes into the environment. Non-biodegradable materials thrown into open drains make their way into the sewerage system, clogging pipelines and damaging infrastructure. The hazards posed by the dumping of untreated hospital and industrial waste are even greater, with the release of pathogens and toxic compounds posing a grave threat not just to human life but also to plants and animals. Garbage dumped in the countryside is not simply an eyesore; entire landscapes are ruined and unique habitats for flora and fauna are lost.
Theoretical Perspectives

The management of solid waste disposal may be conceptualized using a number of theoretical constructs. The purpose of theory is then to explain systems of regularities that cannot be explained with scientific laws. Theories can be considered milestones of scientific development. Theories are usually introduced when previous study of a class of phenomena has revealed a system of uniformities. Formally, a scientific theory may be considered as a set of sentences expressed in terms of a specific vocabulary.

Theory will always be thought of as formulated within a linguistic framework of a clear specified logical structure, which determines, in particular, the rules of deductive inference (Najem & Strunk, 1994). Take the example of the definition of waste. One of the observations made is that ‘using the definition of waste is a tricky affair when determining when something becomes waste and when it stops being waste.’

According to Mustafa (1993), it is crucial to theory development to integrate theories from other bodies of knowledge, as well as the clarification of the definitions of core concepts, and mapping out key issues, such as domains, epistemologies and anthologies. At the present stage of WMT development, scientific definitions of key concepts have been offered, and evolving of WMT under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology is in progress. The function of science is to build up systems of explanatory techniques; a variety of representative devices, including models, diagrams and theories.

The Theory of Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management, and it is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the environment and promote resource use optimization (Mustafa, 1993). Waste Management Theory is to be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology as Industrial Ecology is equally adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and/or resource use optimization goals and values.

Waste Management Theory (WMT) has been introduced to channel environmental sciences into engineering design (Mustafa, 1993). WMT is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management. It is an effort to organize the diverse variables of the waste management system as it stands today. WMT is considered within the paradigm of Industrial Ecology, and built side-by-side with other relevant theories, most notably Design Theory. Design Theory is a relatively new discipline, still under development. Following its development offers valuable insights about evolving technical theories.

Therefore, Najem & Strunk, (1994), provide an analysis of the efficacy of public/private partnerships for managing waste in developing countries refers to sociological, economic and management theories as possible approaches in providing the academic underpinning for solid waste management in developing countries. They note that adapting the competition theory of management science may provide the most appropriate background when partnerships are the principle vehicle for working with waste. However this narrow economic and management focus may be too restrictive.

A reductionist approach in which environmental science forms the context for the paradigm of Industrial Ecology, such that waste minimization procedures and measures typically conform to one or more principles of industrial ecology is most favored (Medina, 2002). They propose a complex web of interactions in which Industrial Ecology exists as an overarching envelope in which elements of both design theory and social theory combine to inform waste management theory, which itself guides the development of tool, goals, values and restrictions of the waste management process.
Related Studies

Solid waste generation, management and disposal

Whatever people call it, solid waste is a problem that must be properly managed. While it is generally understood that proper waste management helps protect human health and the environment and preserve natural resources, many do not realize that solid waste also impacts climate change (U.S.EPA, 2002). The manufacture, distribution, and use of products—as well as the disposal of the resulting waste—all result in emissions of atmospheric gases called “greenhouse gases” that affect the Earth’s climate. When organic waste decomposes in landfills and uncontrolled dumps, it produces methane, one of the major greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Waste generation increases with population expansion and industrialization. Countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa account for nearly 40 percent of annual methane emissions from landfills, which is equal to 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) or the amount of air emissions from more than 102 million automobiles (U.S.EPA, 2002). You can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, however, through proper solid waste management.

Solid waste should be managed through a number of activities—waste prevention, recycling, composting, controlled burning, or land filling. Using a combination of these activities together in a way that best protects your community and the local environment is referred to as integrated solid waste management (ISWM). An ISWM program can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the effects of climate change (U.S.EPA, 2002). This folder and its accompanying fact sheets are designed for government officials, nongovernmental organizations, and others involved in planning and communicating the benefits of ISWM programs. The fact sheets will introduce you to important issues you will need to address in planning a successful ISWM program. These fact sheets also assist you in planning an ISWM program by providing guidelines for recycling and composting, waste collection and transport, and waste disposal (land filling and combustion).

Solid waste can be classified into different types, depending on their source; household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste, and biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste. The term ‘solid waste’ means any garbage, refuse, or sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations (U.S.EPA, 2002).The term ‘disposal’ means the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid waste or hazardous waste into or on any land or water so that such solid wastes, hazardous wastes, or any constituent thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, including ground waters, from community activities (U.S.EPA, 2002).

Solid waste disposal sites are found on the outskirts of the urban areas, turning into the child sources of contamination due to the incubation and proliferation of flies, mosquitoes, and rodents; that, in turn, are disease transmitters that affect population's health, which has its organic defenses in a formative and creative state (Vishwanathan and Trakler, 2003a). The said situation produces gastrointestinal, dermatological, respiratory, genetic, and several other kind of infectious diseases. Consequently, dumping sites have a very high economic and social cost in the public health services, and have not yet been estimated by governments, industries, and families.

The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste include – the population in areas where there is no proper waste disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and workers in facilities producing toxic, and infectious material (Vishwanathan and Trakler, 2003a). Other high-risk groups include the population living close to a waste dump and those whose water supply has become contaminated, either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury and infection.

Chemicals composition from solid waste

Treatment and disposal of municipal, industrial and other solid waste produces significant amounts of methane (CH4). In addition to CH4, solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) also produce biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) as well as smaller amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). CH4 produced at SWDS contributes approximately 3 to 4 percent to the annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In many industrialized countries, waste management has changed much over the last decade. Waste minimization and recycling/reuse policies have been introduced to reduce the amount of waste generated, and increasingly, alternative waste management practices to solid waste disposal on land have been implemented to reduce the environmental impacts of waste management. Also, landfill gas recovery has become more common as a measure to reduce CH4 emissions from SWDS (Shimura, Yokota and Nitta, 2001).

Decomposition of organic material derived from biomass sources (e.g., crops, wood) is the primary source of CO2 released from waste. These CO2 emissions

Integrated solid waste management

Integrated solid waste management is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program. An effective integrated solid waste management system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment. Integrated solid waste management involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions. The major integrated solid waste management activities are waste prevention, recycling and composting, and combustion and disposal in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills. Each of these activities requires careful planning, financing, collection, and transport;

Waste Prevention; Waste prevention, also called ‘source reduction’, seeks to prevent waste from being generated. Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging, designing products to last longer, and reusing products and materials. Waste prevention helps reduce handling, treatment, and disposal costs and ultimately reduces the generation of methane.

Recycling and Composting; Recycling is a process that involves collecting, reprocessing, and/or recovering certain waste materials (e.g., glass, metal, and plastics, paper) to make new materials or products. Some recycled organic materials are rich in nutrients and can be used to improve soils. The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting (Doorn and Barlaz, 1995). Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits. For example, they create jobs and income, supply valuable raw materials to industry, produce soil-enhancing compost, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the number of landfills and combustion facilities.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

Research Design

According to Shajahan (2006), a research design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study, and the methodology and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data

The research will take the form of a descriptive design, and the reason for this is because it is aimed at describing the current situation so that it can be understood clearly so that the gaps identified in it can be addressed in order to foster effective solid waste disposal. Since it would be impossible to carry out research in the whole country, the research will use a case study of Hargeisa city, and the information obtained from there will be treated as representative of the entire country at large. The design is appropriate because it involves drawing small samples in order for in depth analysis to be made.

The study will be both qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative data will be obtained using structured questionnaires from different officials of the city council of Hargeisa and officials from other affiliate departments, while the qualitative data will be obtained from key informants, interviews and observations.
Research Population

According to Amin (2005), the population is the complete collection (or universe) of all the elements (units) that are of interest in a particular investigation. The population of the study in this research will comprised of 170 people. These will include officials of the city council of Hargeisa, health officials, as well as local citizens (including those who stay near waste disposal sites and scavengers.
Sample Size

According to Amin (2005), the sample is the collection of some (a subset) elements of a population. The sample for this study will consist of 120 respondents chosen from the officials of the city council of Hargeisa, health officials, as well as local citizens

Table 1: Sample size and Sampling procedure
Category of respondents
Population
Sample size
Sampling Method
City council officials
10
1
Purposive
Health officials
10
10
Random
Local leaders
20
11
Purposive
Local citizens

Living near dumpsites
80
60
Random

Scavengers
50
30
Random
Total
170
120

Author, 2012

To determine the sample size the researcher will be guided by the Sloven’s sample selection formula, which is; N n = 1+ N x (e)2
Where
n = number of sample
N = total population e = level of significance 0.05
Sampling procedure

To get the respondents size to participate in the study, purposive sampling method will be used. A sample needs to be carefully selected if there is to be confidence that the findings from the sample are similar to those that will be found among the rest of the category under investigation.

In this study, a sample of 120 respondents will be used. These will be selected using both simple random sampling and purposive techniques. Purposive techniques will be used more in order to attract respondents who are capable of providing the most appropriate information on the subject matter.

Research instruments

The main methods of data collection the researcher will use in the field include questionnaires and interviews. The researcher has designed the questionnaire in such format where there are closed and open-ended questions. For closed questions, respondents are supposed to pick responses from a list, category of questions. For open-ended, respondents are requested to give their own opinions.

In some cases the researcher will organize and conduct face to face interviews with respondents and record the findings. The interview method will help the researcher to collect information from purposively selected respondents who may not have time to complete the questionnaires and those who cannot read or write. The interview method will also enable the researcher to gather detailed information from the respondents since this method involves face to face interactions.

Data gathering procedures

The researcher will collect both primary and secondary data relevant to the study, using questionnaires and interview guides. The data collection process will be organized and conducted in three stages;

Before collecting data; In this stage the researcher will make preparations based on the conditions in the field of study. The researcher will make an assessment of the weather conditions, literacy levels and linguistic characteristics in the study area so as to determine the best methods to use as well as preparing questionnaires and interview guide.

During data collection; At this stage the researcher will make appointment schedules with all the respondents so as to enable him meet all respondents at the scheduled time. This will help the researcher to keep time and ensure the convenience of respondents.

After collecting data; At this stage, the researcher will organize the data obtained from the field systematically in preparation for presentation, analysis and presentation.
Data Analysis

The data obtained from the field in raw form is difficult to interpret. Such data will therefore be cleaned, coded, key-punched into a computer, and analyzed by SPSS. Once the questionnaire or other measuring instruments have been administered, the mass of the raw data collected will be systematically organized in a manner that facilitates analysis. According to Amin (2005), coding is the process of assigning numbers, symbols or words to classify responses to an inquiry.
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