Ecology of Birds Flu
Introduction
Emerging infectious diseases have been increasing incidence and are a key threat to wildlife and human health. Influenza is one of the most common diseases, causing millions of severe illnesses and huge number of deaths per years. Recent concerns were focused on H5N1 avian influenza virus that was first isolated in a domestic goose in China in 1997 due to its high case of death rate (Lucchetti, Roy & Martchvae, 2008). Influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses of which 3 types (A, B, and C) are recognized; only influenza A and B viruses occur in highly pathogenic forms. Which occurs mainly in birds, and can be deadly, especially in domestic poultry such as ducks, turkeys, domestic chickens, etc, therefore, there are known as avian influenza viruses. AI viruses have narrow ability to live outside the host where determination in the environment is dependent on moisture and temperature. However, AI viruses can persist for years in ice in latitude lakes and for over a month in cool and moist habitats. Avian influenza viruses can infect mammals including humans. Hundreds of people have become sick with this virus. Slightly more than 60% of those who became ill have died. (Causey, Edwards 2008; Whitworth, Newman, Harris, 2007). Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes determined by the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens used for host-cell entry by the virus during replication. Each virus has 1 H and 1 N subtype in any combination. However, avian influenza virus has 5H and 1N subtype consequently; it is known as H5N1 virus (Causey, Edwards 2008). Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or surfaces that have been contaminated with secretions or excretions from these birds. There is no evidence to date to indicate the spread of avian influenza a virus from one ill person to another person (Guan, Poon, Cheung, Ellis, Lim, Lipatov, and Chan, 2004). Avian influenza has the
Emerging infectious diseases have been increasing incidence and are a key threat to wildlife and human health. Influenza is one of the most common diseases, causing millions of severe illnesses and huge number of deaths per years. Recent concerns were focused on H5N1 avian influenza virus that was first isolated in a domestic goose in China in 1997 due to its high case of death rate (Lucchetti, Roy & Martchvae, 2008). Influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses of which 3 types (A, B, and C) are recognized; only influenza A and B viruses occur in highly pathogenic forms. Which occurs mainly in birds, and can be deadly, especially in domestic poultry such as ducks, turkeys, domestic chickens, etc, therefore, there are known as avian influenza viruses. AI viruses have narrow ability to live outside the host where determination in the environment is dependent on moisture and temperature. However, AI viruses can persist for years in ice in latitude lakes and for over a month in cool and moist habitats. Avian influenza viruses can infect mammals including humans. Hundreds of people have become sick with this virus. Slightly more than 60% of those who became ill have died. (Causey, Edwards 2008; Whitworth, Newman, Harris, 2007). Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes determined by the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens used for host-cell entry by the virus during replication. Each virus has 1 H and 1 N subtype in any combination. However, avian influenza virus has 5H and 1N subtype consequently; it is known as H5N1 virus (Causey, Edwards 2008). Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or surfaces that have been contaminated with secretions or excretions from these birds. There is no evidence to date to indicate the spread of avian influenza a virus from one ill person to another person (Guan, Poon, Cheung, Ellis, Lim, Lipatov, and Chan, 2004). Avian influenza has the