DNA Replication At The
DNA Replication at the Biochemical Level
3
5
7
3
5
4
3
10
5
12
11
1
9
2
8
6
3
Overall direction of replication
5
(College, 2013, figure 6)
7
DNA Replication at the Biochemical Level
(diagram key)
1. DNA
2. Replication fork.
3. Helicase, enzyme that unwinds the parent double helix.
4. Single-stranded binding proteins, stabilize the unwound parent DNA so they cannot reattach.
5. Leading strands, synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction by DNA polymerase.
6. Lagging strands, synthesized discontinuously.
7. 5’ and 3’ ends, the starting point is 5’ and ending point is 3’.
8. DNA polymerase III, works in the 5’ – 3’ direction, is the main enzyme that copies.
9. Okazaki fragments, spaces where polymerase is unable to synthesize because primer is present.
10. Primase, an enzyme that creates a sticky substance for single strands to bind with daughter strands. It primes the strands for assembly. Makes RNA primer.
11. DNA polymerase I, takes out the RNA primers and puts DNA in its place.
12. RNA primer, temporary, replaced by DNA (Freudenrich, n.d.).
DNA Ligase Diagram
5’
Lagging strand
DNA polymerase I
3’
3’
DNA Ligase
5’
3’
Okazaki’s fragments
Leading strand
5’
5’
3’
DNA Ligase
The concluding stage in DNA replication is Ligase.
DNA polymerase I takes away the RNA primers and exchanges them with DNA. This DNA is short Okazaki fragments. Breaks occur in the emerging lagging strand because the RNA primer has been removed. These are the breaks where polymerase was unable to replicate because the RNA primer was originally present.
DNA ligase joins the strands of the Okazaki fragments together, resulting in one continuous strand.
mRNA in transcription and translation ("Transc," n.d., figure 3.5.4)
The Death Cap
Mushroom
The Death Cap Mushroom
The Death Cap Mushroom in appearance, looks like many other edible mushrooms.
However, its toxins can kill an animal or human in just a few days. There is no anecdote for death cap mushroom
3
5
7
3
5
4
3
10
5
12
11
1
9
2
8
6
3
Overall direction of replication
5
(College, 2013, figure 6)
7
DNA Replication at the Biochemical Level
(diagram key)
1. DNA
2. Replication fork.
3. Helicase, enzyme that unwinds the parent double helix.
4. Single-stranded binding proteins, stabilize the unwound parent DNA so they cannot reattach.
5. Leading strands, synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction by DNA polymerase.
6. Lagging strands, synthesized discontinuously.
7. 5’ and 3’ ends, the starting point is 5’ and ending point is 3’.
8. DNA polymerase III, works in the 5’ – 3’ direction, is the main enzyme that copies.
9. Okazaki fragments, spaces where polymerase is unable to synthesize because primer is present.
10. Primase, an enzyme that creates a sticky substance for single strands to bind with daughter strands. It primes the strands for assembly. Makes RNA primer.
11. DNA polymerase I, takes out the RNA primers and puts DNA in its place.
12. RNA primer, temporary, replaced by DNA (Freudenrich, n.d.).
DNA Ligase Diagram
5’
Lagging strand
DNA polymerase I
3’
3’
DNA Ligase
5’
3’
Okazaki’s fragments
Leading strand
5’
5’
3’
DNA Ligase
The concluding stage in DNA replication is Ligase.
DNA polymerase I takes away the RNA primers and exchanges them with DNA. This DNA is short Okazaki fragments. Breaks occur in the emerging lagging strand because the RNA primer has been removed. These are the breaks where polymerase was unable to replicate because the RNA primer was originally present.
DNA ligase joins the strands of the Okazaki fragments together, resulting in one continuous strand.
mRNA in transcription and translation ("Transc," n.d., figure 3.5.4)
The Death Cap
Mushroom
The Death Cap Mushroom
The Death Cap Mushroom in appearance, looks like many other edible mushrooms.
However, its toxins can kill an animal or human in just a few days. There is no anecdote for death cap mushroom
References: Amanita phalloides. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvariella_volvacea College, O. S. (2013). Anatomy and physiology. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/?collection=col11496/latest Freudenrich, C. (n.d.). How dna works. Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/dna3.htm Transcription and translation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/transcription_translation/