Diffusion Across The Membrane
1
Diffusion is the movement of molecules (or ions) from a high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion is form of passive transport as energy does not need to be generated. Diffusion is complete when the concentration of molecules is equal on either side of the membrane.
Diffusion rate can be influenced by many factors such as:
Concentration gradient across the the membrane.
Permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance.
Temperature.
Surface area of the membrane.
Question 2
2.1
Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body as a neurotransmitter it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, Coenzyme A is synthesized in mitochondria. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release …show more content…
in order to activate muscles. Acetylcholine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system.
2.2
Active transport is the movement of molecules (ions) against a gradient this requires energy.
Energy is used in the form of ATP. Active transport is used to maintain the correct concentrations of ions to keep the cell working at an optimum level. Most of the energy produced by the cell is used to facilitate active transport. Thousands of proteins embedded in the cell's lipid bilayer. They are positioned to cross the membrane so one part is on the inside of the cell and one part is on the outside. Only when they cross the bilayer are they able to move molecules and ions in and out of the cell. If a molecule is to be transported from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, work must be done to overcome the influences of diffusion and osmosis. A vital active transport process that occurs in the electron transport process in the membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is the transport of protons to produce a proton gradient. This proton gradient powers the phosphorylation of ATP associated with ATP
synthase.
2.3
Actin filaments are the smallest cytoskeletal filaments, with a diameter of 7 nm. They are thin, relatively flexible threads that can be crosslinked together in different ways to form very different structures.
Within the cell, actin filaments (also called microfilaments) are organized into higher-order structures, forming bundles or three-dimensional networks with the properties of semisolid gels. The assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, their crosslinking into bundles and networks, and their association with other cell structures (such as the plasma membrane) are regulated by a variety of actin-binding proteins, which are critical components of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are particularly abundant beneath the plasma membrane, where they form a network that provides mechanical support, determines cell shape, and allows movement of the cell surface, thereby enabling cells to migrate, engulf particles, and divide.
3.1
Cardiac and skeletal musculature both stripes in them. These are caused by by structures in the muscle called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are long proteins that are fibrous. They slide past each other in alternating patterns when muscles expand or contract. Sarcomere are made of myosin and actin. Myosin forms thick filaments while actin forms thin ones together they create the striped appearance.
3.3
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacterium called Clostridium tetani and has an incubation period of three days. This disease is commonly expressed as muscle spasms. Symptoms of tetanus can be high fever, severe headache, high blood pressure, sore throat, and difficulty in swallowing. The bacteria that causes tetanus can be found in soil, dust, and manure. It can enter your body through an open wound caused by contaminated objects. Most commonly associated with rusty metal. Rust does not contain tetanus but are in humid places, where the bacteria Clostridium tetani are usally found.
Once it reaches your bloodstream it travels to your nervous system. It releases a toxin called tetanospasim which induce tetanus infection. The nervous system is attacked a problems present as stiffness on the jaw, which spreads to muscles and bones. Within a few days, this infection can cause severe pains and can cause some bones to be fractured.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules (or ions) from a high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion is form of passive transport as energy does not need to be generated. Diffusion is complete when the concentration of molecules is equal on either side of the membrane.
Diffusion rate can be influenced by many factors such as:
Concentration gradient across the the membrane.
Permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance.
Temperature.
Surface area of the membrane.
Question 2
2.1
Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body as a neurotransmitter it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, Coenzyme A is synthesized in mitochondria. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release …show more content…
in order to activate muscles. Acetylcholine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system.
2.2
Active transport is the movement of molecules (ions) against a gradient this requires energy.
Energy is used in the form of ATP. Active transport is used to maintain the correct concentrations of ions to keep the cell working at an optimum level. Most of the energy produced by the cell is used to facilitate active transport. Thousands of proteins embedded in the cell's lipid bilayer. They are positioned to cross the membrane so one part is on the inside of the cell and one part is on the outside. Only when they cross the bilayer are they able to move molecules and ions in and out of the cell. If a molecule is to be transported from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, work must be done to overcome the influences of diffusion and osmosis. A vital active transport process that occurs in the electron transport process in the membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is the transport of protons to produce a proton gradient. This proton gradient powers the phosphorylation of ATP associated with ATP
synthase.
2.3
Actin filaments are the smallest cytoskeletal filaments, with a diameter of 7 nm. They are thin, relatively flexible threads that can be crosslinked together in different ways to form very different structures.
Within the cell, actin filaments (also called microfilaments) are organized into higher-order structures, forming bundles or three-dimensional networks with the properties of semisolid gels. The assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, their crosslinking into bundles and networks, and their association with other cell structures (such as the plasma membrane) are regulated by a variety of actin-binding proteins, which are critical components of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are particularly abundant beneath the plasma membrane, where they form a network that provides mechanical support, determines cell shape, and allows movement of the cell surface, thereby enabling cells to migrate, engulf particles, and divide.
3.1
Cardiac and skeletal musculature both stripes in them. These are caused by by structures in the muscle called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are long proteins that are fibrous. They slide past each other in alternating patterns when muscles expand or contract. Sarcomere are made of myosin and actin. Myosin forms thick filaments while actin forms thin ones together they create the striped appearance.
3.3
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacterium called Clostridium tetani and has an incubation period of three days. This disease is commonly expressed as muscle spasms. Symptoms of tetanus can be high fever, severe headache, high blood pressure, sore throat, and difficulty in swallowing. The bacteria that causes tetanus can be found in soil, dust, and manure. It can enter your body through an open wound caused by contaminated objects. Most commonly associated with rusty metal. Rust does not contain tetanus but are in humid places, where the bacteria Clostridium tetani are usally found.
Once it reaches your bloodstream it travels to your nervous system. It releases a toxin called tetanospasim which induce tetanus infection. The nervous system is attacked a problems present as stiffness on the jaw, which spreads to muscles and bones. Within a few days, this infection can cause severe pains and can cause some bones to be fractured.