Since CoQ10 can do twofold obligation as both a vital part player in the electron transport chain AND search dangerous free radicals from inside the cell, it is one of your body's most capable cancer prevention agent instruments.…
The basis of healthy body functioning in all organisms is the health of their cells. The physical and chemical factors of the environment surrounding these cells must remain within narrow limits for cells to survive. These narrow limits need to be maintained and any deviation from these limits must be quickly corrected. A breakdown in the maintenance of this balance causes problems for the organism.…
The objective of this experiment is to conduct a free radical reaction and measure the ratio of products through a GC analysis. Free radical reactions are important to understand because they allow chemists to design synthesis of complex molecules from very simple organic molecules. The reagents used were 2,3-dimethylbutane as the carbon chain, t-butyl peroxybenzoate as the initiator, and sulfuryl chloride as the source of chloride radicals. The predicted products are 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane and 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane based on the primary or tertiary hydrogen being replaced with chlorine. The predicted ratio of these products is 45% tertiary and 54% primary. The GC analysis of the products showed that the solution contained 64% tertiary and 36% primary.…
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include super oxide ion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO- ) are the causative agents to produce oxidative stress. ROS are produced by two independent pathways: mainly the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and cellular responses to bacterial invasion, xenobiotic and cytokines. To counteract the formation of ROS, a number of antioxidant proteins have been described. These proteins are superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and ferritin heavy chain etc.…
“Calorie restriction” is the diminished intake of energy on a daily basis. Several laboratory experiments tested different animal species, discovering that reducing the intake of calories can decrease bodily fats and increase the life span of these species, therefore it has been also called “The Longevity diet” (Delaney and Walford, 2010). Diet is “the kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats or a special course of food to which a person restricts themselves, either to lose weight or for medical reasons” (Oxford Dictionaries, 2012). Several scientists in different experiments on animals also showed that “calorie restriction” could beneficially and non-beneficially affect other aspects of the animals health. “The Longevity Diet” is a diet that applies the “calorie restriction” method, claiming to be able to affect the anti-aging process in humans (Delaney and Walford, 2010). Experiments on humans started not many years ago, in order to understand if it is possible to recreate the same effects found in animals. Whether or not the process of ageing can be affected by low calorie restriction in humans is not yet known, due to a longer life span of humans, but it is known that to be slim decreases the the risk factors of developing “diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes” (Zamora, 2012). Several scientists, health organizations and complementary therapists are concerned as to whether a calorie restriction diet on humans could be beneficial, arguing quality of life, and possible physiological reactions of…
The physical changes that are associated with ageing are the change of hormones in your body which will lead to menopause, how the cardiovascular system could incur diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, how the respiratory system could incur diseases such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, how the nervous system can incur diseases such as motor neurone disease, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous tissue and cognitive changes, how the muscular-skeletal system could incur diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, effects of degenerative disease and muscle wasting due to poor absorption of nutrients and how the skin can incur complications such as the loss of elasticity, effects of exposure to ultraviolet rays and the effects of smoking on the body and the effect of illness that are more common in ageing.…
* one of the ways that the body deals with ROS is by having compounds that can help to neutralize the radicals or protect the body from exposure and getting damaged by them…
B. The daf-2 gene is an insulin-like receptor that is required for reproductive growth and normal adult life span. (Piecre et al. 2001). Longevity is regulated by the daf-2 gene network, where it regulates oxidative stress resistance and Mn-superoxide dismutase gene expression in C. elegans. The age phenotype is mutually potentiated by two life extension mutations in the daf-2 gene and the clk-1 gene. (Honda 1999). The daf-2 insulin-like signalling pathway plays a major role in C. elegans longevity, this pathways connects on the daf-16 transcription factor and may regulate life span by controlling genes. Some genes controlled are free-radical detoxifying genes, stress resistance genes, pathogen resistance genes, innate immunity and metabolism, which all help with the protection and repairing of tissues.(Samuelson, Carr, Ruvkun 2007).…
Excessive formation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) occur as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Free radical generation causes oxidative stress which has been associated with undesirable health effects (Valko et al., 2007). Antioxidants are needed when ROS are generated inside the body, as the first line of defense (Lobo et al., 2010). Halliwell & Gutteridge (2015) describe an antioxidant as “any substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative damage to target molecules” (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 2015). In a normal cell, there is an appropriate balance between the generation of free radicals and the amount of antioxidants present under normal physiological conditions. The human body can supply endogenous antioxidants that are generated by its own metabolic processes (). However, the amount of endogenous antioxidants available under the normal physiological conditions is sufficient only to deal with the normal threshold of a physiological rate of free radical production (). Therefore, exogenous antioxidants, obtained from a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, spices, herbs, cereals, legumes, and animal derived food are required when the normal threshold for free radicals is exceeded. Antioxidant properties of natural…
The human body is composed of many different types of cells. Cells are composed of many different types of molecules. Molecules consist of one or more atoms of one or more elements joined by chemical bonds. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons which can produce free radicals. The free radicals can start chain reaction in the body and cause damage to cells and important chemicals in the body. Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability.…
The term free radical describes any molecule that has a free electron, and this property makes it react with healthy molecules in a destructive way. Free radicals are known to attack the structure of cell membranes, which then create metabolic waste products. Such toxic accumulations interfere with cell communication, disturb DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, lower energy levels and generally impede vital chemical processes. It is believed that free radicals create damage that gives rise to symptoms of aging like wrinkles and decrease in elasticity in the skin and muscles (Theories of aging, n.d.). Change in appearance, decrease energy, painful intercourse due to lack of elasticity, and so on affects a person’s desire to have…
Antioxidants are substance which many people believe to prevent or slow cancer. In this article, we discuss what antioxidants and free radicals are, preventing cancer, and what foods contain antioxidants.…
Biological aging – the physiological changes that reduces the functioning of the organ system such as the heart, lungs and the circulatory system but is does not necessarily result in death.…
3. G0 cells were used as a control in this study. What is the difference between the G0 and G4 cells?…
Bibliography: Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center (2008, January 4). Hydrogen Peroxide Has A Complex Role In Cell Health. ScienceDaily.…