Cwpo Process
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY TEXTILE WASTEWATER
It is well known that the earth’s surface and the environment surrounding are the most crucial to human health. In recent years, the environmental crisis is a major problem all around the world and it had adversely affect the lives of millions of people and caused many death and health disorders. Nowadays, toxic organics in wastewater had become a major problem to the earth creatures. These toxic organic occurs mainly from industrial sector especially from the effluent of textile industries. With the increased demand for textile products, the textile industry and its wastewaters have been increasing proportionally, making it one of the main sources of severe pollution problems worldwide .
Dye is one of the most common organics in wastewaters discharged from textile industries. The effluents from textile dyeing industry contain many organic pollutants and cause serious environmental problems due to their color, high chemical oxygen demand and nonbiodegradability. Reactive dyes from textile and dyeing industries pose grave environmental problem as it gives toxicity that can be harmful to the living organism. Reactive dyes are highly water soluble, nondegradable under the typical aerobic conditions (biological treatment systems), and adsorb very poorly to biological solids, resulting in residual color in discharged effluents.
Thus, a proper treatment must be employed to the textile wastewater effluent before discharged into the water sources. Some conventional treatment of dye production wastewater for instance, adsorption, coagulation,oxidation and precipitation were commonly used to treat dyes in wastewater effluent. Among these treatments, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) had been widely investigated by researchers around the world and it considered as a promising treatment method to destroy these organic pollutions in wastewater. One of the AOPs so called wet air
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY TEXTILE WASTEWATER
It is well known that the earth’s surface and the environment surrounding are the most crucial to human health. In recent years, the environmental crisis is a major problem all around the world and it had adversely affect the lives of millions of people and caused many death and health disorders. Nowadays, toxic organics in wastewater had become a major problem to the earth creatures. These toxic organic occurs mainly from industrial sector especially from the effluent of textile industries. With the increased demand for textile products, the textile industry and its wastewaters have been increasing proportionally, making it one of the main sources of severe pollution problems worldwide .
Dye is one of the most common organics in wastewaters discharged from textile industries. The effluents from textile dyeing industry contain many organic pollutants and cause serious environmental problems due to their color, high chemical oxygen demand and nonbiodegradability. Reactive dyes from textile and dyeing industries pose grave environmental problem as it gives toxicity that can be harmful to the living organism. Reactive dyes are highly water soluble, nondegradable under the typical aerobic conditions (biological treatment systems), and adsorb very poorly to biological solids, resulting in residual color in discharged effluents.
Thus, a proper treatment must be employed to the textile wastewater effluent before discharged into the water sources. Some conventional treatment of dye production wastewater for instance, adsorption, coagulation,oxidation and precipitation were commonly used to treat dyes in wastewater effluent. Among these treatments, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) had been widely investigated by researchers around the world and it considered as a promising treatment method to destroy these organic pollutions in wastewater. One of the AOPs so called wet air
References: Al-Kdasi, A., Idris, A., Saed, K. & Guan, C. T. (2004). Treatment of textile wastewater by advance oxidation processes. Global Nest: the Int. J., 6(3), 222-230. Ali, N., Hameed, A Aravindhan, R., Fathima, N. N., Rao, J. R. & Nair, B. U. (2006). Wet oxidation of acid brown dye by hydrogen peroxide using heterogeneous catalyst Mn-salen-Y zeolite: A potential catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138(1), 152-159. Banat, I. M., Nigam, P., Singh, D. & Marchant, R. (1996). Microbial decolorization of textile-dyecontaining effluents: A review. Bioresource Technology, 58(3), 217-227. Carmen, Z. & Daniela, S. (2012). Characteristics, Polluting Effects and Separation/Elimination Procedures from Industrial Effluents - A Critical Overview. Textile Organic Dyes. Carriazo, J., Guélou, E., Barrault, J., Tatibouët, J. M., Molina, R. & Moreno, S. (2005). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol by pillared clays containing Al–Ce–Fe. Water Research, 39(16), 3891-3899. Catrinescu, C., Teodosiu, C., Macoveanu, M., Miehe-Brendlé, J. & Le Dred, R. (2003). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over Fe-exchanged pillared beidellite. Water Research, 37(5), 1154-1160. Centi, G., Perathoner, S., Torre, T. & Verduna, M. G. (2000). Catalytic wet oxidation with hydrogen peroxide of carboxylic acids on homogeneous and heterogeneous Fentontype catalysts. Catal. Today, 55, 61-69. Dantas, T. L. P., Mendonça, V. P., José, H. J., Rodrigues, A. E. & Moreira, R. F. P. M. (2006). Treatment of textile wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process using a new composite Fe2O3/carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal, 118(1–2), 77-82. Del 'ee, W., O 'Neill, C., Hawkes, F. R. & Pinheiro, H. M. (1998). Anaerobic treatment of textile effluents:a review. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 73, 323-325. Dizge, N., Aydiner, C., Demirbas, E., Kobya, M. & Kara, S. (2008). Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions by fly ash: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 737-746. Farooq, M., Ramli, A. & Subbarao, D. (2012). Evaluation of the Physiochemical Properties of Molybdenum Supported Catalysts. Advanced Materials Research, 488, 206-210. Fathima, N. N., Aravindhan, R., Rao, J. R. & Nair, B. U. (2008). Dye house wastewater treatment through advanced oxidation process using Cu-exchanged Y zeolite: A heterogeneous catalytic approach. Chemosphere, 70(6), 1146-1151. Galeano, L. A., Gil, A. & Vicente, M. A. (2011). Strategies for immobilization of manganese on expanded natural clays: Catalytic activity in the CWPO of methyl orange. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 104(3–4), 252-260. Gupta, V. K. & Suhas. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal. . Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2313-2342. Hagen, J. (2006). Industrial catalysis (2nd ed.). Hua, L., Ma, H. & Zhang, L. (2012). Degradation process analysis of the azo dyes by catalytic wet air oxidation with catalyst CuO/γ-Al2O3. Chemosphere(0). Hunger, K. (Ed.). (2003). Industrial Dyes: Chemistry, Properties, Applications. Cambridge. Inchaurrondo, Massa, P., Fenoglio, R., Font, J. & Haure, P. (2012). Efficient catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol at moderate temperature using a high-load supported copper catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 198–199(0), 426-434. Inchaurrondo, N., Cechini, J., Font, J. & Haure, P. (2012). Strategies for enhanced CWPO of phenol solutions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 111–112(0), 641-648. Kim, K.-H. & Ihm, S.-K. (2011). Heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(1), 16-34. Kim, S. C. & Lee, D. K. (2004). Preparation of Al–Cu pillared clay catalysts for the catalytic wet oxidation of reactive dyes. Catalysis Today, 97(2–3), 153-158. Kim, S. M. & Vogelpohl, A. (1998). Degradation of organic pollutants by the photo Fenton-process. Chem. Eng. Technol., 21, 187-191. Kondru, A. K., Kumar, P. & Chand, S. (2009). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of azo dye (Congo red) using modified Y zeolite as catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166(1), 342-347. Kondru, A. K., Kumar, P. & Chand, S. (2009). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of azo dye (Congo red) using modified Y zeolite as catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166(1), 342-347. Kurbusa, T., Slokara, Y. M., Marechala, A. M. L. & Voncˇinab, D. B. (2003). The use of experimental design for the evaluation of the influence of variables on the H2O2/UV treatment of model textile waste water. Dyes and Pigments, 58, 171-178. Lin, S. H. & Ho, S. J. (1997). Treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater by wet air oxidation: a case study. Waste Management, 17. Liou, R.-M. & Chen, S.-H. (2009). CuO impregnated activated carbon for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(1), 498-506. Liu, Y. & Sun, D. (2007). Effect of CeO2 doping on catalytic activity of Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of azo dyes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1–2), 448-454. Mei, J. G., Yu, S. M. & Cheng, J. (2004). Heterogeneous catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over delaminated Fe–Ti-PILC employing microwave irradiation. Catalysis Communications, 5(8), 437-440. Meric, S., Kaptan, D. & Olmez, T. (2004). Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fenton 's oxidation process. Chemosphere, 54, 435-441. Messele, S. A., Stüber, F., Bengoa, C., Fortuny, A., Fabregat, A. & Font, J. (2012). Phenol Degradation by Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Reaction Using Fe Supported Over Activated Carbon. Procedia Engineering, 42(0), 1499-1503. Mortreux, A. (1988). Industrial applications of heterogeneous catalysis (1st ed.): D. Reidel Publishing Company. Neamtu, M., Catrinescu, C. & Kettrup, A. (2004). Effect of dealumination of iron(III)-exchanged Y zeolites on oxidation of Reactive Yellow 84 azo dye in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 51, 149-157. Neppolian, B., Choi, H. C., Sakthievel, S., Arabindoo, B. & Murugesan, V. (2002). Solar light onduced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4. Chemosphere, 46(2), 1173-1181. Pearcea, C. I., Lloyd, J. R. & Guthrie, J. T. (2003). The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: a review. Dyes and Pigments, 58(3), 179-196. Peng, Y., Fu, D., Liu, R., Zhang, F. & Liang, X. (2008). NaNO2/FeCl3 catalyzed wet oxidation of the azo dye Acid Orange 7. Chemosphere, 71, 990-997. Pintar, A., Besson, M. & Gallezot, P. (2001). Catalytic wet air oxidation of Kraft bleaching plant effluents in the presence of titania and zirconia supported ruthenium. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 30(1–2), 123-139. Qiu, Z., He, Y., Liu, X. & Yu, S. (2005). Catalytic oxidation of the dye wastewater with hydrogen peroxide. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 44(9), 1013-1017. Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. & Nigam, P. (2001). Remediation of dyes inntextile effluents: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresour. Technol., 77, 247-255. Santos, A., Yustos, P., Quintanilla, A., Ruiz, G. & Garcia-Ochoa, F. (2005). Study of the copper leaching in the wet oxidation of phenol with CuO-based catalysts: causes and effects. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 61, 323-333. Slokar, Y. M. & Marechal, A. M. L. (1998). Methods of Decoloration of Textile Wastewaters. Dyes and Pigments, 37(4), 335-356. Spadaro, J. T., Isabelle, L. & Renganathan, V. (1994). Hydroxyl radical mediated degradation of azo dyes: evidence for benzene generation. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 1389-1393. Strickland, A. F. & Perkins, W. S. (1995). Decoloration of continuous dyeing wastewater by ozonation. Textile Chemist and Coloris, 27(5), 11. Tomul, F. (2012). Adsorption and catalytic properties of Fe/Cr-pillared bentonites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 185–186(0), 380-390.