Cultural Dimension Theories
Enculturation – a nonintentional process that include all of the learning available as the result of what is in an environment to be learned (Herskovits 1948) Primary socialization which is a more intentional learning process than enculturation, occurs in the family and local community (Berger and Luckmann 1967)
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s (1961) Variations in Value Orientations (low > high)
Relation to Nature – Subjugation, Harmony, Mastery Time Orientation – Past, Present, Future
Basic Human Nature – Evil, Neutral/Mixed, Good Activity Orientation – Being, Contain/Control, Doing
Relationships among People – Ind. Group, Hierarchical Space Orientation – Private, Mixed, Public
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values (1980, 2001) – work-related values
Individualism / collectivism Low / High Power Distance Weak / Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity / Femininity (Mas – tough, value of success, money; Fem – tender, personal relationship, care)
The Chinese Value Survey – PD, Ind vs Col. Mas vs Fem / Confuciansim
High Confucian = long-term orientation (future concern and value thrift and persistence) JAP Low Confucian = short-term orientation (past / present, respect for tradition and social obligation) US Schwartz’s Value Survey (1992) – Embeddendness(鑲嵌) – (life come from social relation) vs Autonomy Intellectual Autonomy – creativity, phil. Argument Affective – ind. Postitive exp make ind feel gd (quality of life)
Hierarchy vs Egalitarianism Mastery vs Harmony
Trompenaars’ Dimensions of Culture (1993) – Universalism vs Particularism eg. Business contract (right or wrong) Ind. Vs Communitarianism = Collectivism Specificity vs Diffusion (How separate we keep private and working) Achievement vs Ascription(Prove to receive status or given to us since born) Inner vs Outer (Direction)(Control envir. Or controlled by – conflict manage) Sequential Time vs Synchronous Time (Do one thing at a time or several once)
Hall’s High and low context culture (1976) –
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s (1961) Variations in Value Orientations (low > high)
Relation to Nature – Subjugation, Harmony, Mastery Time Orientation – Past, Present, Future
Basic Human Nature – Evil, Neutral/Mixed, Good Activity Orientation – Being, Contain/Control, Doing
Relationships among People – Ind. Group, Hierarchical Space Orientation – Private, Mixed, Public
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values (1980, 2001) – work-related values
Individualism / collectivism Low / High Power Distance Weak / Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity / Femininity (Mas – tough, value of success, money; Fem – tender, personal relationship, care)
The Chinese Value Survey – PD, Ind vs Col. Mas vs Fem / Confuciansim
High Confucian = long-term orientation (future concern and value thrift and persistence) JAP Low Confucian = short-term orientation (past / present, respect for tradition and social obligation) US Schwartz’s Value Survey (1992) – Embeddendness(鑲嵌) – (life come from social relation) vs Autonomy Intellectual Autonomy – creativity, phil. Argument Affective – ind. Postitive exp make ind feel gd (quality of life)
Hierarchy vs Egalitarianism Mastery vs Harmony
Trompenaars’ Dimensions of Culture (1993) – Universalism vs Particularism eg. Business contract (right or wrong) Ind. Vs Communitarianism = Collectivism Specificity vs Diffusion (How separate we keep private and working) Achievement vs Ascription(Prove to receive status or given to us since born) Inner vs Outer (Direction)(Control envir. Or controlled by – conflict manage) Sequential Time vs Synchronous Time (Do one thing at a time or several once)
Hall’s High and low context culture (1976) –