Cloning Presentation

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ZAINAB RAZZAQ
IQRA MUBEEN
SABIKA RAFIQ

CLONING

Content
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Introduction
History
Ways of Cloning
Types
Advantages
Disadvantages
Human Cloning

What Is Cloning?
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Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical organisms
Asexual organisms are reproduce by cloning themselves
Human identical twins are clones of each other Clones have identical DNA but can have different personalities

History of Cloning
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1938 –Hans Spemann proposes a “fantastic experiment” – to replace the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus of another cell and to grow an embryo from such an egg

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1952 –Robert Briggs and Thomas King; the scientists collect the nucleus from a frog egg cell,

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1981 –They take the nucleus not from an adult specimen, but from a mouse embryo

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1995 – two sheep are cloned (Moran and
Megan). These had been the first animals cloned from differentiated cells.

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1996 – the first mammal cloned from a cell taken from an adult animal – Dolly the sheep. 1998 – the first cloned mouse
2000 – the first cloned pig
2001 – a cat cloned
2004 – fruit flies cloned
2009 – a female camel cloned
2013 - Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Two Ways of Cloning
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Artifical Embryo Twinning:
In this process an embryo is split up and each part is put in a petri dish to develop.
They are then placed in a surrogate mother. The resulting clones are exact genetic copies of each other.
Natural Cloning:
In nature,some plants and single celled organisms such as bacteria produce genetically identical offspring through a process called asexual reproduction

1. DNA Cloning/Gene
Cloning
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A term used to describe a collection of
DNA fragments derived from the genome of an organism and cloned randomly into suitable cloning vectors (plasmids,phages)
The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal DNA clone then refers to an individual cell carrying a cloning vector with one of the cellular DNA