Into rich and poor. Do the facts warrant such a conclusion? Marx’s ideas that industrialization caused a greater increase in the gap between the rich and the poor was correct because the jobs available for the poor required little skill, bad conditions and had little pay. It spread the gap between the two classes because it allowed for the upper classes to be favored over the lower classes and for them to manipulate the income of money in their favor. 8. Describe the differences and similarities between groups within the middle class. What separated and what united them? The middle class was separated into the bourgeoisie, hardworking business owners with money, potentially land and potentially political power, and the working middle class who had trades and more money than peasants but didn’t have land or political power and less money than the bourgeoisie. They were united by the need to overthrow the monarchists and the absolutist rulers and separated by the bourgeoisie’s power and money and the lower middle class’s occupation with food.
9. Describe the “labor aristocracy.” What were the interests of its members? How did they differ from the rest of the working class? The labor aristocracy was a group of talented workers that had strong moral, political and ohilisophical beliefs and were the “leaders” of the working class. They were all very focused on succeeding Europe and becoming very successful with all their working times. 10. What were the interests, motives, and lifestyle of the working class? How were they changing by the late nineteenth century? The working class was focused on feeding their family and leisure activities. It changed throughout the 19th century because many working class people began to wane away from the church and become less focused on religion. The ideas of life were vey much chinaging at this time. 11. Why was there a decline in illegitimacy after 1850? There was a decline in illegitimacy after 1850 because the working class became more stable. Families began to develop more and more and there was more economic stability so marriage was a more viable situation.
12. M 13. How common was prostitution in the nineteenth century? Prostitution was “frowned upon” on the surface but was very popular for men because they married later in life. It was very secret because it was disrespectable but it was extremely common.people would bever be looked at the same way if they were to ever act in such of a messed up way.
14. What was the social and economic position of women in the nineteenth century? Were they better off than in preindustrial society? Women were put into the home to be a wife and a mother, and nothing else. It was frowned upon for them to be anything other than that, i.e. to have an actual career. If women did work, it was lower class women and they worked in harsh conditions like factories. In the cities, they were often worse off than in preindustrialized Europe because the jobs in rural areas were safer and more open to women, whereas in the cities job opportunities were slim to none. 15. what changes occurred in child care and the attitudes toward children in the nineteenth century? What was the nineteenth-century view of masturbation? Children and parents became much closer and they began to connect, partly due to the decreasing birth rate, which was because of the disappearance of the need for children to work. Children’s education and upbringing became much more important. Often, children were smothered, especially in the case of sexual nature. Masturbation was a fear of parents and was highly frowned upon. 16. Overall, did family life improve in the nineteenth century? Explain. For some, yes and for others no. For the lower class it didn’t improve because the living conditions because of factory work were so poor. For middle and upper class families’ life improved because they became economically stable and could support, educate and provide for their family. 17. What was the realist movement in literature? Who were the major writers of this movement, and how did they differ from previous writers? Realism stressed that environment and heredity determined human behavior. They believed in natural laws and they wrote about natural and taboo subjects. Major writers were Zola, Balzac and Flaubert in France and MaryAnn Evans in Britain, Tolstoy in Russia and Dreiser in America. They’re genetic material was different from that of other writers.
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