Chemistry Revision notes
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
IGCSE Chemistry
Triple
Award
Revision Guide
Topic
Introduction to chemistry
Atomic Structure
Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding
Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding
Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation
Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation
Calculations
Periodic Table
Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction
Electrolysis
Energetics
Acids, Bases, Salts and Neutralisation
Preparing and Analysing Salts
Rates
Equilibria and the Haber Process
-0-
Page
1-6
7-8
9-10
11-14
14-17
18-19
20-22
23-32
33-39
40-44
45-48
49-51
52-58
59-63
64-65
66-70
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
-1-
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
States of matter
SOLIDS: (particles in contact; attractions hold them in fixed positions)
• have definite shape and volume
LIQUIDS: (particles in contact, and attract each other, but are free to move around)
• have a definite volume
• they take the shape of a container
GASES: (particles widely separated; little or no attraction; move freely until they collide)
• spread out (diffuse) and into all the space that is available and will mix completely with any other gas(es) in the same space
• are compressible (i.e. can be squashed up into a smaller volume)
The following diagram shows the names given to the various changes of state.
Sublimation
Evaporation (at any temperature)
Melting
(at fixed temp = m.p.t)
Boiling
(at fixed temp = b.p.t)
SOLID
LIQUID
Freezing
(at fixed temp = m.p.t)
GAS/VAPOUR
Condensation
(at fixed temp = b.p.t)
Sublimation
When substances change state, energy is involved.
Change of State
Energy Change Reason for energy change
Solid Liquid
Heat taken in
Liquid Gas
Heat taken in
Liquid Solid
Heat given out
Gas Liquid
Heat given out
-2-
Energy needed to break bonds between the particles in the solid
Energy needed to break the forces between the particles in the liquid
Energy given out as
IGCSE Chemistry
Triple
Award
Revision Guide
Topic
Introduction to chemistry
Atomic Structure
Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding
Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding
Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation
Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation
Calculations
Periodic Table
Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction
Electrolysis
Energetics
Acids, Bases, Salts and Neutralisation
Preparing and Analysing Salts
Rates
Equilibria and the Haber Process
-0-
Page
1-6
7-8
9-10
11-14
14-17
18-19
20-22
23-32
33-39
40-44
45-48
49-51
52-58
59-63
64-65
66-70
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
-1-
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
States of matter
SOLIDS: (particles in contact; attractions hold them in fixed positions)
• have definite shape and volume
LIQUIDS: (particles in contact, and attract each other, but are free to move around)
• have a definite volume
• they take the shape of a container
GASES: (particles widely separated; little or no attraction; move freely until they collide)
• spread out (diffuse) and into all the space that is available and will mix completely with any other gas(es) in the same space
• are compressible (i.e. can be squashed up into a smaller volume)
The following diagram shows the names given to the various changes of state.
Sublimation
Evaporation (at any temperature)
Melting
(at fixed temp = m.p.t)
Boiling
(at fixed temp = b.p.t)
SOLID
LIQUID
Freezing
(at fixed temp = m.p.t)
GAS/VAPOUR
Condensation
(at fixed temp = b.p.t)
Sublimation
When substances change state, energy is involved.
Change of State
Energy Change Reason for energy change
Solid Liquid
Heat taken in
Liquid Gas
Heat taken in
Liquid Solid
Heat given out
Gas Liquid
Heat given out
-2-
Energy needed to break bonds between the particles in the solid
Energy needed to break the forces between the particles in the liquid
Energy given out as