During exercise, carbohydrates and lipids are required in order to provide energy for the working body. The inherent reduced nature of these compounds allows for partial or complete oxidation in extracting energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The varying chemical structure of the macromolecules evokes different processes for their complete utilisation. This paper seeks to expound on the mobilisation of these fuels, the biochemical pathways that are used and the amount of ATP yielded with reference to different points during physical exertion, such as a long distance race.…
You may list, as students report out, the physiological changes to the respiratory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and urinary systems expected during strenuous exercise and as noted in the case of the cyclist, Joe. Students will respond with answers suggesting increases in heart rate, respiration, sweating and muscle fatigue, as well as muscle soreness as normal. However, in reality, in an effort to sustain maximum energy output over extended periods of time, endurance athletes train so that organ systems make the necessary physiological adaptations and are not subject to radical changes in function. Metabolic changes can occur with extensive endurance training in the muscles, hearts and lungs of the athlete, increasing efficiency of system utilization (Thompson, 2000).…
Draw a graph that illustrates whole-body oxygen consumption as an individual progresses from rest, to 45 min bout of exercise at 60% VO2max, and through a complete recovery phase. Explain what is occurring during each of these stages in relation to ATP and oxygen supply and demand.…
When muscle activity is needed for several minutes, or even hours, aerobic respiration is the essential ATP source. Research the following regarding aerobic respiration.…
Achieveing a high VO₂max can be influenced by a multitude of intertwining physiological factors, including increased pulmonary, cardiovascular and neuromuscular functions, increased mitochondrial density and size, and increase capillary density reaching skeletal muscle [ (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2010) ].…
An acute response of the musculoskeletal system during exercise includes an increase in blood supply. The short term effects on your muscles increases the temperature therefore there is more activation energy so chemical reactions are used by the musculoskeletal system and the metabolic activity increases. As the oxygen demand increases, more oxygenated blood needs to be supplied to the muscles so vasodilatation occurs so more blood can pass through the arteries. This affected me during the bleep test because vasodilation allows more oxygenated blood to travel to the actively respiring muscle tissues.…
* h) Know and understand that these changes increase the blood flow to the muscles and so increase the supply of sugar and oxygen and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide.…
An increase in V02 max (the maximum amount of oxygen the body can convert to work) = giving you more stamina for the long haul.…
The human body operate on three energy systems: Phosphate Energy System, (ATP/CP or CP SPLITTING), Lactic Acid Energy System (Anaerobic Glycolysis) and Aerobic Energy System (Oxygen System). ATP is when an enzyme splits one of the three phosphate molecules from Adenosine Triphosphate and this releases large amounts of energy that the muscle fibres use to create movement, this turns ATP into Adenosine di-phosphate (ADP), However, only a small amount of ATP is stored within the muscles cells, about 10-15 seconds and takes 2-3 minutes to fully replenish. When ATP is depleted the body turn to anaerobic Glycolysis for energy. This process breaks down glycogen and glucose (Sugar and Fat) to produce energy. This process creates a by-product called ‘pyruvic acid’ which converts into lactic acid if there is insufficient oxygen circulating in the muscles. If Lactic acid accumulates, the process of anaerobic glycolysis slows down, resulting in fatigue. This energy system takes 20-60 minutes depending on the fitness level to remove the accumulated lactic acid after maximal exercise. The third energy system is a much slower process of collecting energy, however; the energy produced lasts longer than the other two energy systems, and therefore it is…
ii Describe how anaerobic respiration in yeast and mammalian muscle cells differs. b Discuss the commercial uses of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells. c i What do you understand by the term ‘oxygen debt’? ii Describe the fate of the product formed in respiring muscle cells during vigorous exercise. 21 [2 marks] [2 marks] [4 marks] [7 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [8 marks] [3 marks] [5 marks] [2 marks] [3 marks] [2 marks] [3 marks]…
The value of VO2 max represents a body’s ability to generate energy, such as ATP, necessary for physical activities (Di Giuseppe, 2003). The equation VO2 max (mL/kg/min) is 132.853 – 0.1696m – 0.3877a + 6.3150g – 3.2649t – 0.1565r, where m is mass of a person in kilogram, a is the age of the person, g is equal to one for male zero for female, t is time in minutes, and r is heart rate calculated in beats in a minute. There are a lot of ways to measure the VO2 ¬max; in this experiment, students will walk around the school four times, approximately 1.6 kilometers, as quickly as possible, then starts counting one’s heart rate immediately after the walk. Another way to measure the VO2 max is to do a treadmill test such as the Bruce treadmill test.…
It creates after burn effect or EPOC (Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption) as scientists called that won’t be seen from long and boring exercise.…
c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms.…
As we had mentioned Creatine phosphate is a way in which we can replenish that ATP. This is how many people complete additional sprints, reps, etc during their exercises, with the assistance of…
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is “the primary carrier of energy in cells. ”(Brittanica). Cellular respiration creates energy from food molecules and ATP carries that energy throughout the body where it is needed. So, if we can aid in regenerating ATP then less energy will be lost during the workout.…