Preview

brown vs. board

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2171 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
brown vs. board
S. L. Griggs Jr
10-28-2012
Reading Response # 2

Introduction
“While speaking at an annual luncheon of the national Committee for rural schools on December 1956, Martin Luther King Jr reflected on the importance of Brown vs. Board of Education: “ To all men of good will, this decision came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of human captivity. It came as a great beacon light of hope millions of color people throughout the world who had a dim vision of the promise land of freedom and justice.. This decision came as a legal and sociological death blow to an evil that had occupied the throne of American life for several decades”. (Papers 3:472)
“Brown vs. Board of Education was a consolidation of five desegregation cases: Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Briggs v Elliot Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia, Bolling v. Sharpe, and Belton v. Gebhart. These cases were designed to challenge the “separate but equal “ doctrine established in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Plessy v Ferguson decision, and because of their common legal challenge the supreme court combined the cases and decided them together. The NAACP legal defense was headed by Thurgood Marshall. He was well aware that national racial progress was reliant on the outcome of Brown”. (349 U.S. 294 1955)
“The Supreme Court’s unanimous Brown decision handed down on 17 May 1954, that the Plessy doctrine of “separate but equal” had no place in education and violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote “ to separate blacks from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way likely to ever be undone”. With this decision, racial segregation in schools became unconstitutional.” (349. U.S 204 1955).
Former graduate of The University of Pennsylvania Michael J. Myers 2 authored a

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    During the Fairclough’s article discussion, one of the key research materials that have rarely received scholarly attention pertains to the legal documents held in the NAACP archive. Fairclough asserted that “the NAACP legal offensive against separate and inferior education in 1935 and culminated in the 1954 Brown decision.” When analyzing the Sweatt v. Painter case study, it became evident that predominately all of the author’s under analysis acquired their information from NAACP historical records. Records utilized by scholars for research contained personal conversation, documents, letters, newspaper articles, and trial transcripts. In most articles studied, they restate the same information found in Michael L. Gillette’s…

    • 1052 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Facts: Black children were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to race. A group of African Americans contend that segregated public schools are not equal and that they deprive black people of the equal protection of the law. The district courts in Kansas, South Carolina, and Virginia denied relief to the plaintiffs and upheld the “separate but equal” doctrine. In the Delaware case, the Supreme Court of Delaware adhered to that doctrine, but ordered that the plaintiffs be admitted to the white schools because of their superiority to the black schools.…

    • 1348 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The NAACP clearly played a major role in many of the successes of the civil rights campaign in this period. This is evident by their involvement in a series of legal cases regarding civil rights issues, such as their landmark legal case: Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka. This case ruled that segregated schools were, in fact, not ‘separate but equal’ and they did this by referencing the 14th and 15th Amendment in many of his arguments and showing that children at white-only schools in the south had nearly $38 spent on each one of them per year, while the equivalent at a black-only school only had $13 spent on them. Thurgood Marshall, Legal Counsel for the NAACP, also brought in educationalists, psychologists and other professionals, proving that segregated schools caused psychological damage to black students by making them feel inferior. They were responsible for the success as this set a precedent for the subsequent legal cases, and drove forward the campaign for civil rights by boosting morale. Another important case supported by the NAACP was the…

    • 1120 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    In “The Petitioner’s Brief in Sweatt v. Painter, 1950”, the document explained the NAACP arguments as they were before the Supreme Court. Essentially, it explored three arguments that the NAACP would later employ in future cases regarding segregation. Reprinted within Waldo E. Martin Jr.’s, “Brown v. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents”, it offers key insight into the arguments the NAACP used in the Supreme Court. The first argument relates to whether schools established for Blacks fulfills the Equal Protection Clause. The NAACP lawyers made a distinction as they realized that many states in the country do not have the issue of racial segregation in schools. The lawyers referenced a report from the President’s Commission on Higher…

    • 916 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Hundreds and thousands of voices formed the budding Civil Rights Movement, introducing these issues into the life of all Americans, including those who were unaware and indifferent. President Dwight Eisenhower, noticeably, was among those who did not give racial issues the amount of attention they deserved. In fact, he personally disagreed with the court’s Brown v. Board decision, which put an end to school segregation. It was not until the Little Rock Crisis, in which Governor Faubus of Arkansas ordered National Guard to prevent African American students from entering Central High School, did he take action to enforce the Brown v. Board ruling, defending racial equality. Such violence from law enforcement is not unfamiliar nowadays with the occurrences of several police shootings of innocent black people.…

    • 574 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    The Race Beat Summary

    • 579 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Roberts and Klibanoff tell that story. The story of how White northerners learned better, how they learned of the ugly reality of the Southern system. They begin with the lead up and aftermath of the landmark Brown v. Board decision. Telling how, slowly, efforts to integrate southern school both garnered more support within the black South, more opposition from segregationist whites, and garnered more attention from outside observers.…

    • 579 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Boston's Busing Crisis

    • 4025 Words
    • 17 Pages

    It is difficult to chart the stages of this urban earthquake or distinguish its aftershocks. But the initial tremors began when the U.S. Supreme Court released its ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954). In Brown, Chief Justice Earl Warren claimed that segregation is psychologically harmful to black children and implied that all-black classrooms are inherently inferior. Warren’s ambiguous opinion allowed lower courts and lawmakers to infer that stopping segregation was not enough, but that social justice depended upon integrating the races in school, at whatever cost to neighborhoods and to children, black and white.…

    • 4025 Words
    • 17 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Plessy Vs Ferguson Essay

    • 549 Words
    • 3 Pages

    In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, people were believed that they were set free by the passing of the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments of the constitution, but little did they know, the government could always find a way around them. The “Separate but Equal” law took its way in the country. This allowed whites and coloreds to be separated without breaking the law. This is how they separated schools, restaurants, and even public transportation. Needless to say Homer Plessy lost the small battle in the court, but he was soon to change the government’s eye on such segregation based on one’s race and ethnicity. In the Brown v. Board of Education, the government looked over the old court case of Plessy v. Ferguson and saw that they did not go on what was stated in the constitution, that they went off the “separate but equal” doctrine, since it stated they were given equal and substantially equal facilities. In the Brown v. Board of Education case, they oversaw this doctrine and stated that it was separated educational were inherently unequal. They had to see that American public education was way too important to make it separated and hold back people from getting the same education as everyone…

    • 549 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Racial segregation has been an American tradition since the Constitution was ratified back in 1789; granting only white, property owning men as whole citizens. The cases of Plessy vs. Ferguson, an Brown vs. Board of Education have broken this tradition to send off a wave of additional cases during the civil rights movement in the 1960’s. Brave men and women who fought against society have brought this issue into the light, granting them the ability to let equality revolutionize itself since slaves were freed.…

    • 618 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    When it came down to it, Plessy knew what was right but was still denied the right to sit with other races. Decades later, the board of education had come to a conclusion that the separation of race was ultimately detrimental to a child's education (Brown v. Board). Over time, people began to see the hate that separation had fueled and it finally came to an end. The search for these equalities was inevitable as many were judged just by the color of their skin.…

    • 543 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Board of Education of Topeka which reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896. This changed America in that “separate but equal” was no longer a law. The NAACP or The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, called for a reconsideration of the Plessy v. Ferguson case and won. The case “raised a variety of legal issues on appeal, the most common one was that separate school systems for blacks and whites were inherently unequal, and thus violate the "equal protection clause" of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution” (United States Courts, 1). The case had decided that the main problem with the previous case was that the education systems for public schools were completely unfair. The white schools were given and used twice as much money to fund the schools compared to the “separate but equal” black schools. The completely changed the civil rights movement. Also the whole law was just completely unfair and not “separate but equal” because nothing was equal. This made everyone, at least by law, equal to each other. Not that everyone immediately followed this law once it became true but, this was a huge step in making everyone equal once again. Many forms of resistance appeared during and after these cases. In the later 1960’s and 70’s the Black Power Movement started to commence and get big to set forth the motion of this law. They did this by starting in the media and trying to get…

    • 1025 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    In the years leading up to the Civil Right Movement in the mid 1960s, America was a power keg ready to explode from racial tension. In the 1950s, segregation was at its peak. During this time there were many efforts to combat white supremacy in the United States, especially in the South. One of the most influential men around this time was Gunnar Myrdal. This man was responsible for a 1944 study called An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. This study was of American society especially the role African Americans played in the 1940s. This study was a key fundamental source in the case of Brown v Board of Education in 1954. This case was a staple in African American culture by being the case that the Supreme Court overturned the state-sponsored segregation of public education. This ruling was one of the first fundamental steps of integration in the late 1950s. Even though the outside world viewed the lives of African Americans to be unequal, there were still people inside the United States that fought very hard to keep society segregated. Among those people was a man named Orval Faubus. This man served as the governor of Arkansas during the Civil Rights movement. He is most infamous for his efforts in the desegregation of Little Rock School District, by calling in the National Guard to stop black students from attending the school. One year prior to the Little Rock incident, a document was written informally known as the Southern Manifesto. This document was signed by politicians of the South in order to counter the ruling of the Brown v Board of Education trial. This was obviously a last chance effort to hold onto their southern roots before segregation…

    • 1631 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    In 1954 the Supreme Court justices made a ruling on what I believe to be one of the most important cases within American history, Brown v Board of Education. There were nine Justices serving in the case of Brown v Board of Education this was the court of 1953-1954. This court was formed Monday, October 5, 1953 and Disbanded Saturday, October 9, 1954. Chief Justice, Earl Warren, Associate Justices, Hugo L. Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Robert H. Jackson, Harold Burton, Tom C. Clark, Sherman Minton all of which voted unanimously in favor of Brown in the case of Brown v Board of Education [as cited on http://www.oyez.org/courts/warren/war1]. Brown v Board of Education was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that brought to light the fact that racial segregation in the public schools system was both morally unsound and unconstitutional. The case was brought to the Supreme Court by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, more commonly known as the NAACP, on behalf of a young African American female named Linda Brown, a student who attended an extremely segregated all-black elementary school from a small town in Kansas called Topeka. The decision led to nationwide desegregation in educational and other institutions and gave impetus to the civil rights movement in America. Jim Crow laws kept the minorities (primarily African Americans) of this country in a very neglected and fearful state; this was the face of our country for decades.…

    • 1597 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    For instance, Garveyism encouraged a sense of unity in times of social and political oppression in the early 20th century during times when African nations were on the verge of rebellion against colonization and the First World War masses agitated for freedom. In America, African-Americans obtained employment in the war industries and possessed money necessary to finance the movement. [3] Moreover, crucial for Civil Rights movement events like Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka case, the landmark lawsuit that ended the legal segregation of schools in America, took place without the Civil Rights leaders. There was more direct action than seen from the impact of the leaders as a result of which the Supreme Court decreed that African-Americans had the right to the same quality of graduate education as white Americans because of the efforts of Thurgood Marshall who worked as a lawyer for the NAACP. [8] A study compiled by the NAACP reported 3,224 cases of lynching of African-Americans between 1889 and 1919, aiming to put an end to brutality.…

    • 978 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, southerners struggled with the inevitable confrontation of segregation. Living in the Jim Crow era, blacks grappled to gain the rights denied to them through Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), “which gave legal sanction to “separate but equal”.” On the other hand, white southerners wrestled to maintain the white supremacy that the Plessy case allowed them to exercise. One of the largest areas of tension for the maintenance of segregation existed in education. After Plessy, many blacks and civil rights activists fought to achieve truly equal but separate education for all blacks. Blacks were usually granted schools in poverous areas with minimal resources, as opposed to whites who were granted clean and prosperous…

    • 1276 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays