Mechanism 4 shows the debromination of 2α-bromocholestan-3-one to give 4. This mechanism which is similar to a Favoskii rearrangement, is likely to go via this path as other research has shown that there is often a by-product with this reaction. The by-product is cholest-4-en-3-one which requires the intermediate seen in the third molecule in the above mechanism. The intermediate is highly strained and with the presence of base a proton will be extracted which aids the collapse of the three membered ring. To gain the major product, 4, the H1 proton is removed, however it is very possible that the H4 proton is removed instead which would leave the minor product of cholest-4-en-3-one. Both products result in conjugation which will stabilise the molecule. The mechanism for this step is unlikely to go via a simple elimination as for an elimination the eliminated products must be trans to each other for facile leaving. As the bromine is equatorial in both the chair and the boat conformation the bromine is trans with neither of the hydrogens which shows this type of elimination is unlikely to occur. The other possibility is that the acidic hydrogen that is removed in the first step is not H4, but H2. This…
1. You read about nephritic syndrome in this lab. You know the cause is the loss of…
The final compound which I am going to look at is 4-aminobenzenecarboxylic acid. The compound is also known as 4-Aminobenzoic acid. The molecular and structural formula of the compound is C7H7NO2 which means that the compound consists of seven carbon atoms attached to seven hydrogen atoms along with one nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms attached as a carbon-oxygen double bond. The displayed formula for the 4-aminobenzenecarboxylic acid compound is shown and it shows the formula in a ring form therefore means that the compound is an aromatic compound. This is an aromatic compound because the compound consists of six carbons of benzene joined in a ring, having the planar geometry of a regular hexagon in which the distance between all of the C-C bonds are equal.…
15. What is a substance normally found in urine that closely reflects the glomerular filtration rate?…
The Malpighian tubules were incubated in the solutions for 15 minutes before being observed. The transport of CPR into the lumen was highest when there was no addition of oligomycin, ouabain and p-aminohippurate (PAH). The least transport occurred from the addition of ouabain and PAH (table 1). There was a strong positive correlation (R2=0.9881) between increased potassium concentration in the CPR solution and the transport of the solution into the tubule (figure 1). The least tubule transport occurred at 0mM potassium (score of 0) and the most tubule transport occurred at 10mM potassium (score of 4) (figure 1). There was a strong positive correlation (R2=0.9871) between increased sodium concentration in the CPR solution and the transport of the solution into the tubule (figure 2). The least tubule transport occurred at 0mM sodium (score of 0.083 ± 0.204) and the most tubule transport occurred at 160mM sodium (score of 3.66 ± 0.816) (figure 2).…
Instructions: Answer the following questions completely to receive full credit. This assignment is to be computer generated. NO EXCPETIONS!!! Provide a cover page (all pertinent information) for ALL assignments. Make sure to CHECK SPELLING for ALL assignments. NO LATE ASSIGNMENTS WILL BE ACCEPTED. This worksheet is worth 54 points. 1. Differentiate between the afferent and the efferent arterioles. (2 points) Blood supply to the glomerulus o afferent arteriole feed the glomerular capillary bed o efferent arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed 2. Provide a two-word description each for the renal corpuscle and renal tubules. (2 points) renal corpuscle o glomerulus & glomerular together renal tubules o reabsorption & secretion 3. What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you decrease the radius of…
The renal corpuscle consists of two parts: glomerular capillaries and the Bownan’s capsule. A portion of the plasma is filtered into the capsular space due to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.…
a. b. c. D kidneys liver lungs skin Mader - 010 Chapter... #10 33. Which of these is the CORRECT sequence of blood vessels about the kidney tubule? a. b. C d. renal artery, peritubular capillary, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, renal vein efferent arteriole, glomerulus, venule, afferent arteriole, collecting duct afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary, venule, renal vein efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, venule, peritubular capillary, renal vein Mader - 010 Chapter... #63 34.…
The kidney has two layers, which consists of the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The outer cortex has many capillaries. The glomerular are found within the renal cortex of the kidneys. The glomerular are small clusters of capillaries within the kidneys. The inner medulla has many blood vessels and tubules. The inner medulla consists of the renal pyramids and renal columns, which separate the pyramids and have blood vessels. The second structure in the urinary system is the ureters. The ureters are a yellow color found connected to the kidneys and the urinary bladder. The ureters have three layers. The first layer from inside out is the mucosa layer, which is composed of transitional epithelium. The second layer is the muscularis layer, which is composed of smooth muscle. The third and final layer in the ureters is the adventitia layer, which is composed of outer fibrous connective tissue. The next structure in the urinary system is the urinary bladder. There is only one urinary bladder in a person. The urinary bladder is a sac, almost looking like a deflated balloon when empty, and located on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis. The urinary bladder wall has three layers. The first layer is the mucosa layer, which is composed of transitional…
Each nephron consists of a _______________, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a ___________.…
The simple cuboidal epithelium secrets and reabsorbs water and small molecules, it can be found in the kidneys tubules.…
Introduction: In this lab we will learn how the kidney processes blood and produces urine.…
* An arteriole enters the glomerular capsule and branches into a network of capillaries called the glomerulus.…
Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 1: The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration Lab Report…
• This presentation will be approximately 10 minutes long. However, this is a limitation as I was…