Book Infrared Spectroscopy
Contents
Series Preface Preface Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols About the Author 1 Introduction Electromagnetic Radiation Infrared Absorptions Normal Modes of Vibration Complicating Factors 1.4.1 Overtone and Combination Bands 1.4.2 Fermi Resonance 1.4.3 Coupling 1.4.4 Vibration–Rotation Bands References 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers 2.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometers 2.3.1 Michelson Interferometers 2.3.2 Sources and Detectors 2.3.3 Fourier-Transformation 2.3.4 Moving Mirrors 2.3.5 Signal-Averaging 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
ix xi xiii xvii 1 2 5 6 11 11 12 12 12 13 15 15 16 18 18 19 20 21 22
vi
Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 2.3.6 Advantages 2.3.7 Computers 2.3.8 Spectra 2.4 Transmission Methods 2.4.1 Liquids and Solutions 2.4.2 Solids 2.4.3 Gases 2.4.4 Pathlength Calibration 2.5 Reflectance Methods 2.5.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.2 Specular Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.3 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.4 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 2.6 Microsampling Methods 2.7 Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.8 Thermal Analysis–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.9 Other Techniques References 23 23 24 25 25 28 31 32 33 33 35 36 37 38 41 42 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 51 51 51 52 53 54 56 57 59 59 62 63 67 70
3 Spectral Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Group Frequencies 3.2.1 Mid-Infrared Region 3.2.2 Near-Infrared Region 3.2.3 Far-Infrared Region 3.3 Identification 3.4 Hydrogen Bonding 3.5 Spectrum Manipulation 3.5.1 Baseline Correction 3.5.2 Smoothing 3.5.3 Difference Spectra 3.5.4 Derivatives 3.5.5 Deconvolution 3.5.6 Curve-Fitting 3.6 Concentration 3.7 Simple Quantitative Analysis 3.7.1 Analysis of Liquid Samples 3.7.2 Analysis of Solid Samples 3.8 Multi-Component Analysis 3.9 Calibration Methods References
Contents 4 Organic Molecules Introduction Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Compounds Oxygen-Containing Compounds 4.4.1 Alcohols and Phenols 4.4.2 Ethers 4.4.3 Aldehydes
Series Preface Preface Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols About the Author 1 Introduction Electromagnetic Radiation Infrared Absorptions Normal Modes of Vibration Complicating Factors 1.4.1 Overtone and Combination Bands 1.4.2 Fermi Resonance 1.4.3 Coupling 1.4.4 Vibration–Rotation Bands References 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers 2.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometers 2.3.1 Michelson Interferometers 2.3.2 Sources and Detectors 2.3.3 Fourier-Transformation 2.3.4 Moving Mirrors 2.3.5 Signal-Averaging 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
ix xi xiii xvii 1 2 5 6 11 11 12 12 12 13 15 15 16 18 18 19 20 21 22
vi
Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 2.3.6 Advantages 2.3.7 Computers 2.3.8 Spectra 2.4 Transmission Methods 2.4.1 Liquids and Solutions 2.4.2 Solids 2.4.3 Gases 2.4.4 Pathlength Calibration 2.5 Reflectance Methods 2.5.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.2 Specular Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.3 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 2.5.4 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 2.6 Microsampling Methods 2.7 Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.8 Thermal Analysis–Infrared Spectroscopy 2.9 Other Techniques References 23 23 24 25 25 28 31 32 33 33 35 36 37 38 41 42 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 51 51 51 52 53 54 56 57 59 59 62 63 67 70
3 Spectral Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Group Frequencies 3.2.1 Mid-Infrared Region 3.2.2 Near-Infrared Region 3.2.3 Far-Infrared Region 3.3 Identification 3.4 Hydrogen Bonding 3.5 Spectrum Manipulation 3.5.1 Baseline Correction 3.5.2 Smoothing 3.5.3 Difference Spectra 3.5.4 Derivatives 3.5.5 Deconvolution 3.5.6 Curve-Fitting 3.6 Concentration 3.7 Simple Quantitative Analysis 3.7.1 Analysis of Liquid Samples 3.7.2 Analysis of Solid Samples 3.8 Multi-Component Analysis 3.9 Calibration Methods References
Contents 4 Organic Molecules Introduction Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Compounds Oxygen-Containing Compounds 4.4.1 Alcohols and Phenols 4.4.2 Ethers 4.4.3 Aldehydes