BIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES
Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide
Diversity
Taxonomic Categories
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Hierarchy
From most general to most specific
Binomial Nomenclature
System used to identify all organisms on Earth
Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens)
Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century
Identifying Species
3 methods:
Morphology
Form and shape
It is simple but there are natural variations in population
Biology
If species are able to have sex and produce viable offspring
It is widely used however cannot always be used due to geographic separation, asexual reproduction and extinction of fossils
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships
Can apply to every single species including extinct ones
Uses DNA, therefore it is accurate
Six Kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Archaea
Bacteria
Animalia
All are multicellular and heterotrophs
Most reproduce sexually
Live in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Cell walls are absent
Plantae
All are multicellular and autotrophs
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Most are terrestrial
Cell wall are present
Fungi
Most are multicellular and all are heterotrophs
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Most are terrestrial
Cell walls are present
Protista
Most are single celled, some multicellular, some eukaryotic
Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, some are both
Live in aquatic or moist habitats
Cell walls are absent
Archaea
All are prokaryotic
All are heterotrophs
Live in salt lakes, hot springs and animal guts
Cell walls are present
Bacteria
Simple organisms lacking nuclei
Either heterotrophs or autotrophs
All can reproduce asexually
Live nearly anywhere Relation Between Species
Evolutionary Relationships
Evidence:
Anatomy (What things look like, structure)
Physiology (Function), Protein function/production
DNA (Ex. Fungi are more related to animals than plants)
Diversity
Taxonomic Categories
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Hierarchy
From most general to most specific
Binomial Nomenclature
System used to identify all organisms on Earth
Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens)
Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century
Identifying Species
3 methods:
Morphology
Form and shape
It is simple but there are natural variations in population
Biology
If species are able to have sex and produce viable offspring
It is widely used however cannot always be used due to geographic separation, asexual reproduction and extinction of fossils
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships
Can apply to every single species including extinct ones
Uses DNA, therefore it is accurate
Six Kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Archaea
Bacteria
Animalia
All are multicellular and heterotrophs
Most reproduce sexually
Live in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Cell walls are absent
Plantae
All are multicellular and autotrophs
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Most are terrestrial
Cell wall are present
Fungi
Most are multicellular and all are heterotrophs
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Most are terrestrial
Cell walls are present
Protista
Most are single celled, some multicellular, some eukaryotic
Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, some are both
Live in aquatic or moist habitats
Cell walls are absent
Archaea
All are prokaryotic
All are heterotrophs
Live in salt lakes, hot springs and animal guts
Cell walls are present
Bacteria
Simple organisms lacking nuclei
Either heterotrophs or autotrophs
All can reproduce asexually
Live nearly anywhere Relation Between Species
Evolutionary Relationships
Evidence:
Anatomy (What things look like, structure)
Physiology (Function), Protein function/production
DNA (Ex. Fungi are more related to animals than plants)