BHOPAL GAS DIASTER

Bhopal disaster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bopal disaster)
Jump to: navigation, search
Unbalanced scales.svg The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2012)
Page semi-protected
Bhopal disaster Bhopal memorial for those killed and disabled by the 1984 toxic gas release
Bhopal memorial for those killed and disabled by the 1984 toxic gas release
Date 2 December 1984–3 December 1984
Location Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Coordinates 23°16′51″N 77°24′38″ECoordinates: 23°16′51″N 77°24′38″E
Also known as Bhopal gas tragedy
Cause Gas leak from Union Carbide India Limited storage tank
Deaths At least 3,787; over 16,000 claimed
Injuries At least 558,125

The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world 's worst industrial disaster.[1] It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shanty towns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.[3] Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[6]

UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9

Citations: ^ Jump up to: a b Varma, Roli; Daya R. Varma (2005). "The Bhopal Disaster of 1984". Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society. ^ Jump up to: a b AK Dubey (21 June 2010). "Bhopal Gas Tragedy: 92% injuries termed "minor"". First14 News. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-26. Jump up ^ UCC manual (1976). Jump up ^ UCC manual (1978). Jump up ^ UCC manual (1979). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kovel (2002). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Eckerman (2006) ^ Jump up to: a b c Kurzman (1987). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chouhan et al. (2004). Jump up ^ Cassels (1983). Jump up ^ TED case 233 (1997). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lepowski Jump up ^ Weir (1987). ^ Jump up to: a b UCC Investigation Report (1985). Jump up ^ D 'Silva, The Black Box of Bhopal (2006). ^ Jump up to: a b Trade Union Report (1985). Jump up ^ Varadarajan (1985). Jump up ^ Narrator: Ashton Smith (10 October 2011). "Bhopal Nightmare". Seconds from Disaster. Season 4. Episode 6. 5:45 minutes in. Nat Geo. Jump up ^ Havens J, Walker H, Spicer T (30 September 2012). "Bhopal atmospheric dispersion revisited". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 233–234: 33–40. Jump up ^ Steven R. Weisman (5 December 1985). "Bhopal a Year Later: An Eerie Silence". The New York Times. p. 5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kalelkar (1988). ^ Jump up to: a b Sriramachari (2004). Jump up ^ Gassert TH, Dhara VR, (2005). Jump up ^ Bhatia, Shyam (13 November 1985). "Cyanide gas reported present in fatal chemical leak at Bhopal". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 2011-12-04. Jump up ^ jean de maleissye, Histoire du poison, 1991. Jump up ^ Kulling and Lorin (1987). Jump up ^ P.G. Blake and S. Ijadi-Maghsoodi, Kinetics and Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Methyl Isocyanate, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, vol.14, (1982), pp. 945–952. Jump up ^ K.H. Slotta, R. Tschesche, Berichte, vol.60, 1927, p.1031. Jump up ^ Grundmann, Christoph; Kreutzberger, Alfred (1954). "Triazines. IX. 1,3,5-Triazine and its Formation from Hydrocyanic Acid". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (22): 5646–5650. doi:10.1021/ja01651a013. ^ Jump up to: a b UCC (1989). Jump up ^ Venkatesan, J. (10 August 2012). "Supreme Court orders disposal of Bhopal toxic waste in six months". The Hindu. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Jump up ^ "Bhopal 2011 – landscapes of memory". SpaceMatters, India with Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Unknown parameter |= ignored (help) Jump up ^ Lakshmi R (9 January 2012) Jump up ^ Press Institute of India (1985). Data India. Press Institute of India. p. 166. Retrieved 1 August 2012. Jump up ^ Press Institute of India (1985). Data India. Press Institute of India. p. 322. Retrieved 1 August 2012. Jump up ^ Broughton (2005). Jump up ^ Anand, Anil (24 June 2010). "Bhopal gas tragedy: Extra aid to help just 42,000 victims — India — DNA". DNA news. Retrieved 2012-08-28. Jump up ^ Dipankar De Sarkar (22 June 2010). "BP, Bhopal and the humble Indian brinjal". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 26 June 2010. Jump up ^ Kidwai, Rasheed (3 July 2012). "When the gas leaked, Arjun flew away to pray". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Jump up ^ Gupta, Suchandana (10 June 2010). "Chief secretary told me to let Anderson go: Ex- Collector". The Times of India. Retrieved 2012-08-30. ^ Jump up to: a b Reuters (17 May 1988). "India Acts in Carbide Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Jump up ^ http://www.earthrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/District-Court-June-2012-dismissal-of-Sahu-I.pdf Jump up ^ Shaini, KS (30 September 2008) Jump up ^ Broughton, Edward (2005). "The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review". Environmental Health 4 (6): 6. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-6. PMC 1142333. PMID 15882472. Jump up ^ Chander, J. (2001). "Water contamination: a legacy of the union carbide disaster in Bhopal, India". Int J Occup Environ Health 7 (1): 72–3. PMID 11210017. ^ Jump up to: a b Labunska et al. (2003). ^ Jump up to: a b Down to Earth (2003). Jump up ^ Stringer et al. (2002). Jump up ^ Srishti (2002). Jump up ^ Vickers, Paul (14 November 2004). "Bhopal 'faces risk of poisoning '". BBC Radio 5 website. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-01. Jump up ^ The Trade Union Report on Bhopal, Geneva, Switzerland: ICFTU-ICEF, 1985 Jump up ^ Media release – 23 April 2004 (23 April 2004) Jump up ^ Eckerman (2005) Jump up ^ "Swedish doctor banned from India and Bhopal" Further readings Broughton E (10 May 2005) Carbon monoxide, Phosgene and Methyl isocyanate. Unit Safety Procedures Manual. Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division: Bhopal (1978) Cassels, J Chouhan TR (2005). "The Unfolding of Bhopal Disaster". Journal of Loss Prevention in the process industry 18 (4–6): 205–208. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.07.025. Dhara VR, Gassert TH (September 2005). "The Bhopal gas tragedy: Evidence for cyanide poisoning not convincing". Current Science 89 (6): 923–5.