Application of the Dye from Caesalpinia Sappan (Sappang) for Bacterial Staining
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The development of dyes to stain microorganisms was a significant advance in microbiology. Stains serve purposes such as it differentiate microorganisms from their surrounding environment and it allows detailed observation of microbial structures at high magnification. (http://inst.bact.wisc.edu/, © 2006-2013 Microbiology Laboratories)
Gunasekaran (2005) defined staining as the method of artificially producing color in microorganisms to allow for the visualization under the microscope. He further stated that stains are used not only to make the organisms visible but also to understand their structure and chemical nature.
Gram staining is a technique commonly used in the laboratory. It is used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. It distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by colouring these cells red or violet. When bacteria are stained by crystal violet, Gram positive bacteria stain violet due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls which retains the crystal violet while Gram negative bacteria stain red which is attributed to a thinner peptidoglycan wall, which does not retain the crystal violet during the decoloring process (http://serc.carleton.edu/18370, 2012).
The Caesalpinia sappan is characterized as small shrubby tree which can grow up to 4-8m tall. The roots are fibrous and wiry, lacking nodules and dark coloured. Under natural conditions, Caesalpinia sappan grows mostly in hilly areas with clayey soil and calcareous rocks at low and medium altitudes. (http://www.globinmed.com/, 2010-2011)
The wood of Caesalpinia sappan is the wood-dye that is known to have been used at large, international scale throughout the world history. It remained a major source of red dye up to the end of the 19th century. It is still used for dyeing textiles, but only on a smaller scale by craftsmen and artists.
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The development of dyes to stain microorganisms was a significant advance in microbiology. Stains serve purposes such as it differentiate microorganisms from their surrounding environment and it allows detailed observation of microbial structures at high magnification. (http://inst.bact.wisc.edu/, © 2006-2013 Microbiology Laboratories)
Gunasekaran (2005) defined staining as the method of artificially producing color in microorganisms to allow for the visualization under the microscope. He further stated that stains are used not only to make the organisms visible but also to understand their structure and chemical nature.
Gram staining is a technique commonly used in the laboratory. It is used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. It distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by colouring these cells red or violet. When bacteria are stained by crystal violet, Gram positive bacteria stain violet due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls which retains the crystal violet while Gram negative bacteria stain red which is attributed to a thinner peptidoglycan wall, which does not retain the crystal violet during the decoloring process (http://serc.carleton.edu/18370, 2012).
The Caesalpinia sappan is characterized as small shrubby tree which can grow up to 4-8m tall. The roots are fibrous and wiry, lacking nodules and dark coloured. Under natural conditions, Caesalpinia sappan grows mostly in hilly areas with clayey soil and calcareous rocks at low and medium altitudes. (http://www.globinmed.com/, 2010-2011)
The wood of Caesalpinia sappan is the wood-dye that is known to have been used at large, international scale throughout the world history. It remained a major source of red dye up to the end of the 19th century. It is still used for dyeing textiles, but only on a smaller scale by craftsmen and artists.
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