1. Explain the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation. Fermentation is partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP.
2. Diagram for photosynthesis and respiration
3. What are redox reactions? What is the difference between reduction and oxidation reactions? Redox reactions are chemical reactions that transfer between reactants. In oxidation, a substance loses electrons. In reduction, a substance gains electrons.
The electron donor is the reducing agent. The electron receptor is the oxidizing agent.
4. What electron carrier temporarily holds hydrogen in the cell?
5. What is the function of the electron transport chain? The electron transport chain powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
6. What are 3 steps of cellular respiration? What are the products and reactants of each step? Glycolysis (breaks down glucose): 2 pyruvate, 2 ATPm 2 NADH Citric acid cycle (completes breakdown): 1 ATPm 3 NADH, 2 FADH2 per turn Oxidative phosphorylation (most of ATP synthesis): 32 ATP
7. Difference between oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation generates the most ATP because it is powered by redox reactions. Substrate-level phosphorylation forms a smaller amount of ATP.
8. Why is oxygen the ultimate electron acceptor? Oxygen is electronegative, nonpolar, and highly abundant.
9. Explain alcohol and lactic acid fermentation? In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, by first releasing carbon dioxide. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product with no release of carbon dioxide.
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