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This chapter presents literatures and studies relevant to the present study. The focus is on the leadership styles and accreditation practices in Higher Education.

Leadership Styles in Higher Education

According to Germano (2010), leadership has a direct cause and effect relationship upon organizations and their success. The leaders’ styles enable them to influence the people to follow the things they do. Many studies have shown the importance of leadership styles in Higher Education. Bryman (2007) importance of the following facets of leadership at both departmental and institutional levels:
• Providing direction
• Creating a structure to support the direction
• Fostering a supportive and collaborative environment
• Establishing trustworthiness
…show more content…
The significance of fostering a collegial climate of mutual supportiveness and the maintenance of autonomy do seem to be a particular desideratum in the academic context, Bryman (2007) added. The Full Range Leadership Model of Bass and Avolio (1994) indicates that when transformational and transactional theories are blended, each play a particular role towards a particular ends of the organizational goals and need. The model considers the different factors that identify the theory dominant to it. These are as follows:
Transformational – Idealized influence (idealized attributes; idealized behaviors), Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration
Transactional – Contingent Rewards, Management by Exception (Active)
Avoidant – Management by exception (Passive),
…show more content…
It provides a framework to translate a strategy into operational terms.
Patterned to the business balanced scorecard, Ruben (1999), in his paper, considers a Balanced Scorecard for Higher Education as proposed Excellence Indicators Framework. The five indicators areas are teaching/learning, scholarship/research, service/outreach, workplace satisfaction and financial.
Teaching/Learning area considers the value of incorporating multiple dimensions, multiple perspective and multiple measures in evaluating the quality of programs/courses and student outcomes.
Scholarship/Research is compose assessments of quality in the areas of productivity and impact in which schools, colleges and universities, generally have well-developed measures of

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