Anatomy Of Flowering Plants Case Study

Anatomy of flowering plants deals with the study of internal structure of various organs of flowering plants.

The tyloses are the structures present in the woody tissues of dicot stems. These are the extension of xylem parenchyma cells into the vessel elements(NEET-II 2016).

Cortex tissue is present in between the epidermis and stele. It is multilayered and is made up of parenchymatous cells with big intercellular spaces (NEET-II 2016).

Wood of gymnosperms does not contain vessels.e.g- Pinus is vesseless. Vessels are the characteristic feature of angiosperms (AMU 2015).

Protoxylem is the major anatomical structural difference which distinguishes dicot stem from dicot root.In dicot stem, the protoxylem is present towards the center (Pith)
It is devoid of the nucleus at maturity and its metabolic activities are controlled by the nucleus of companion cells. Albuminous cells are not produced by angiosperms. They are present in gymnosperms only. In dicot roots, the vascular cambium formed during secondary growth. Primary meristem contributes to the formation of primary plant body (EAMCET 2014).
Dicot Stems – Anatomy of flowering plants
In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem are the intrafascicular cambium. The cells of medullary rays, adjoining this intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium (NEET 2013).

In dicot stem, the central part is pith. Protoxylem is towards the center, then come the metaxylem, cambium, phloem, pericycle, endodermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and then lastly epidermis (J&K CEE 2014).

Aerenchyma is a parenchyma, which contains wide air spaces that help to make the plant light and buoyant. It is a characteristic of hydrophytes (OJEE 2013).

Vessels are composed of a row of cells placed one above the other. They form a pipe-like structure due to the absence of the septa walls between the cells (BCECE 2012).

Stems are charecterised by endarch condition of xylem, while toots are of exarch condition (BCECE
All the tissue except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue of fundamental tissue. It consists of simple tissues, such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Ground tissue includes cortex, pericycle, medullary rays. In leaves, the ground tissue consists of mesophyll (CBSE AIPMT 2011).

Root is that part of plant body which grows and down into the earth. The primary roots develop from radicle and give secondary and tertiary roots. Lateral roots develop endogenously, i.e. From pericycle between two protoxylems (UP CPMT 2011).

Secondary growth this the growth in girth of stem and roots. Anomalous or abnormal secondary growth is found in some monocot stems such as Yucca, Dracaena, Aloe, Agave, etc (UP CPMT 2011).

Dendrochronology is the determination of the age of a tree by counting annual rings (These rings are formed by the activity of cambium in dicot root and stem) (UP CPMT 2011).

The bulliform cells in the leaves absorb water and they become turgid. Thus, the leaf surface is exposed. When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimize water loss (Kerela CEE