American Slang Essay 1

INTRODUCTION

The present graduation paper deals with the study of slang as a part of language which presents certain interest both for the theoretical investigation and for practical language use. Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language. Slang is often highly regional, specific to a particular territory. Slang terms are frequently particular to a certain subculture, such as musicians, and members of minority groups. Nevertheless, usage of slang expressions can spread outside their original arenas to become commonly understood, such as “cool” and “jive”. While some words eventually lose their status as slang, others continue to be considered as such by most speakers. In spite of this, the process tends to lead the original users to replace the words with other, less-recognized terms to maintain group identity. The word slang itself is used loosely and in a number of different and rather confusing ways, it really refers to words or uses of words or expressions which are extremely informal and which are very often fashionable and therefore rather temporary - they may come into the language, be very popular, and then die out again fairly rapidly. All of us use words of this type, but many people, including teachers, feel them to be inappropriate at least in certain situations because of their often extreme formality. Other people probably object to slang expressions simply because they are new - there are lots of people who are not very keen on novelty. And yet other people dislike particular slang items because they happen to be associated with a social group of which they are not a member. One of the points of slang may be precisely to identify person as belonging to a particular social group. Another of the functions of slang is to make speech vivid, colourful and interesting, and speakers often seem to keep up with current trends in slang for a while

Bibliography: 1. Арнольд И.В., “Стилистика современного английского языка”, Просвещение, 1973. 2. Береговская Э.М. “Молодежный сленг: формирование и функционирование”, Вопросы языкознания, 1996. 3. Гальперин И.Р., “Стилистика английского языка”, Москва, Высшая школа, 1981. 4. Радзиховский Л.А., Мазурова А.И., “Сленг как инструмент остранения”, Язык и когнитивная деятельность, Москва, 1989. 5. Adams, Michael., “Slayer slang, Buffy the vampire slayer lexicon”, Oxford University Press, 2003 6 9. Eble, Connie, “College slang 101”. Georgetown, Conn.: Spectacle Lane Press, 1989 10 a. students”, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996 11 12. Hayakawa, S. I. “Language in Thought and Action”, 4th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978 13 14. Lewin, Albert, and Esther Lewin, eds., “The Thesaurus of slang: revised and expanded edition”, New York: Facts on File, 1994 15 16. Mencken, H. L., “The American language: an Inquiry into the development of English in the United States”, One-volume abridged edition. Edited by Raven I. McDavid. New York: Knopf, 1963 17 18. Spears, Richard A., “Dictionary of American slang and colloquial expressions”, 3d ed. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 2000 19 20. Watts K, “21st Century Dictionary of slang”, New York, 1994 *** ----------------------- 1 Gore, W., “Notes on Slang”, Modern language notes, 1896, p.67 1 Lewin, Albert, and Esther Lewin, eds., “The Thesaurus of Slang: Revised and Expanded Edition”, New York: Facts on File, 1994 [2] Partrige E., “Slang to-day and yesterday”, London, 1971 [3] Marshall J., “Dangerous English”, Delta publishing, 2003 [4] Tsui, Amy B.M, “English Conversation”, New York, 1994 [5] http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleid=222486 [6] www.oup.com/us/collections/slang/history/amheritage.pdf [7] Dalzell T., “Flappers 2 rappers: American youth slang”, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1996 [10] Spears, Richard A., “Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions”, 3d ed. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 2000 [11] Eble, Connie, “College Slang 101” [12] Eble, Connie C., “Slang & Sociability: In-group Languages among College Students”, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996 [13] Hayakawa, S [14] John Ayto, “The Oxford Dictionary of Slang”, 2003 [15] Mencken, H One-volume abridged edition. Edited by Raven I. McDavid. New York: Knopf, 1963 [16] John Ayto, “The Oxford Dictionary of Slang”, 2003 [17] Eble, Connie C., “Slang & Sociability: In-group Languages among College Students”, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996 [18] Spears, Richard A., “Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions”, 3d ed. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 2000