valley became known as the Old Southwest. The homesteaders faced hostility from the Native American residents along with their Spanish advocates. At the same time, American migrants went to newly claimed woodlands, known as the Old Northwest. This was the invasion the Native American lands. The Old Southwest was a disputed territory. After the war, Americans migrated in the Old Southwest. By the time 1875, there have been 100,000 migrants along several rivers. With the many newcomers, they had claimed the rich lands. Furthermore, others were clearing farms and aggressive Americans thought of pushing further west (Jones, 196). If they push west, they would establish a foothold on the Mississippi. Native Americans in the South and North, both struggled to support their living conditions and they resisted the newcomers to the Old Northwest. But 1783 Treaty of Paris, Britain surrendered the Indian domains to the white Americans. “We are now Masters of this Island, and we can dispose of the Lands as we think” (Jones, 197). At this point, the white Americans conquered the Native American lands. The Native Americans had no say in what they wanted even though that was their land and property. They had treated the Native Americans as dependent rather than equal. It came to a point where they held hostages just so the Native Americans would agree to the terms they have laid out. The Americans had basically kicked out the Native Americans out of their own land. Still, the American Imperialist expansion depended on the use of military force to push their way west and to declare power from the British. Although America’s Indian policy gained the territory of Indians, it did not gain the supporter of Indians. This then is both settler colonialism and American Imperialism. There were then war hawks that looked westward and those men saw a threat coming their way. Arise of an Indian resistance movement emerged that blended military strength with native spirituality (Jones, 247). Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa led that movement. The expected a sovereign Indian state and the continuation of the Native American culture. They would not let the Americans take over their land and so Tecumseh set out to deliver a message to many Indian groups. Enslaved Blacks, Native Americans and women resisted the hierarchies reproduced in the new nation. The heirs of the Revolution continued to appeal to the ideal of liberty and freedom (Jones, 217). But for the different groups of people, they had different meanings and terms. For some, the Revolutionary had been a favorable outcome. It liberated the colonists from dependence on the mother country and launching a new nation freed from aristocratic privilege (Jones, 217). And for others, the Revolution offered a promise if equal opportunities. The idea that those who are born into moderate and small situation, through their hard work, they can achieve great wealth and political influence. Nevertheless, others saw the new federal government as the cause of equality powered by economic policy and the court system (Jones 217). In the view of these people, the government should take strenuous actions so that they can limit the ability of the few to take advantage of labor of the many. The ones who embraced the law under the law were white men and the law would only be for the white men. The preferred leaving the whole certain hierarchies that proved broad systems of inequality (Jones, 217). Predominantly, they had agreed that women should not have the right to vote. The constitution protected private property and even those who owned property. The Naturalization Act of 1790 denied naturalized citizenship, that any alien, being free white person may be admitted to become a citizen. This act supported many form of discrimination against people of color, enslaved and free (Jones, 218). In the West, many free people of color found a less than hospitable welcome.
During 1802, even though there was not many black’s living there at that time, representatives of the first Ohio territorial convention moved to limit blacks’ economic and political opportunities. Although slavery was prohibited in Ohio and other areas, blacks’ still did not have the right to vote. Shorty during 1803, as Ohio became a state the legislators took a course of action to prevent the in-migration of free blacks altogether (Jones, 229). In Indians, the territorial legislature passed a “black law” preventing blacks or Indians form testifying in court against whites. Black families were defenseless to kidnapping in the Northwest Territory. Some of the white men captured free blacks and then sold them as slaves to owners I the South who had plantations (Jones,
229). In the South of 1831, whites took a course of action to strengthen the institution of slavery with the use of violence and legal means. At the same year, Nat Turner who was an enslaved preacher and mystic led a slave revolt in Southampton, Virginia (Jones, 284). When Turner was young he imagined that whites and blacks would engage in a brutal battle. He believed that he would lead other slaves to freedom. In August, he and a group of supporters took action to the countryside, killing whites wherever they could find them (Jones, 285). They killed about 60 white men, but Turner was captured, tried and then executed. After Turners revolt, a wave of white distress swept the South. Near where the killing occurred, whites attacked blacks with uncontrolled rage. Following that, all the slave states moved to strengthen the establishment of slavery (Jones, 285).