11 Explain the historical development of
1.1 Explain the historical development of one major therapeutic model, including the people influential in its development
In the 1890’s Sigmund Freud, a German neurologist developed a theory later to be called psychoanalysis, which allowed individuals to tell their problems to a ‘psychoanalyst’ an individual trained in interpreting the ‘subconscious’. He played an important part in the history of counselling but the actual word “counselling” did not come into everyday language until 1960’s.
Counselling really took off after the Second World War, in 1950’s America. Most of the therapies we hear about today can trace their origins back to a handful of psychologists and psychiatrists who developed techniques and theories, sometimes referred as ‘schools of therapy’.
In 1940’s the dominant therapies where deterministic:
-Psychoanalysis -Therapist is an expert. (Sigmund Freund, first published 1896)
-Behaviourism- Humans have no free will. (Fredrick Skinner, first published 1938)
A very different approach was pioneered by Carl Rogers in the 1940’s and 50’s with strong influences from Adler and Rank.
Carl Rogers was born 1902 in Oak Park, near Chicago, trained and worked as a psychologist in New York, first practising at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (RSPCC) in 1928.
“Rogers tells the story of how near the end of his time at Rochester he had been working (he used psychoanalysis) with a highly intelligent mother whose son was presenting serious behavioural problems. Rogers was convinced that the root of the trouble lay in the mother’s earlier rejection of the boy, but no amount of gentle strategy on his part could bring her to this insight.
In the end he gave up and they were about to part when she asked if adults were taken for counselling on their own account. When Rogers assured her that they were, she immediately requested help for herself and launched into an impassioned outpouring of her own despair, marital difficulties, confusion
In the 1890’s Sigmund Freud, a German neurologist developed a theory later to be called psychoanalysis, which allowed individuals to tell their problems to a ‘psychoanalyst’ an individual trained in interpreting the ‘subconscious’. He played an important part in the history of counselling but the actual word “counselling” did not come into everyday language until 1960’s.
Counselling really took off after the Second World War, in 1950’s America. Most of the therapies we hear about today can trace their origins back to a handful of psychologists and psychiatrists who developed techniques and theories, sometimes referred as ‘schools of therapy’.
In 1940’s the dominant therapies where deterministic:
-Psychoanalysis -Therapist is an expert. (Sigmund Freund, first published 1896)
-Behaviourism- Humans have no free will. (Fredrick Skinner, first published 1938)
A very different approach was pioneered by Carl Rogers in the 1940’s and 50’s with strong influences from Adler and Rank.
Carl Rogers was born 1902 in Oak Park, near Chicago, trained and worked as a psychologist in New York, first practising at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (RSPCC) in 1928.
“Rogers tells the story of how near the end of his time at Rochester he had been working (he used psychoanalysis) with a highly intelligent mother whose son was presenting serious behavioural problems. Rogers was convinced that the root of the trouble lay in the mother’s earlier rejection of the boy, but no amount of gentle strategy on his part could bring her to this insight.
In the end he gave up and they were about to part when she asked if adults were taken for counselling on their own account. When Rogers assured her that they were, she immediately requested help for herself and launched into an impassioned outpouring of her own despair, marital difficulties, confusion
Cited: in Ansbacher, 1990, p. 47) Another strong influence of Rogers ' model was Maslow 's theory of self- actualisation. Maslow (1943) believed people are motivated to achieve certain needs that are not related to rewards. He developed a theory that people strive to ‘self-actualise’, to become the best they can be. So, Rogers moved from being an expert, someone who highly trained in psychological techniques, to someone who realised that the relationship was the most important thing in within this therapy. This was called non-directive therapy, where client is the expert and humans have free will. It was absolute revolutionary in psychological circles of that time. As a result Rogers became a founder of Person-Centred Approach and one of the most influential psychologists and psychotherapists of the 20th century. Ongoing significant contributors to the development of the PCT model is Gendlin with the emphasis on FOCUS, Natalie Rogers with the development of person centred expressive therapy, Julius Seeman 's personality integration model. In the UK David Means and Brian Thorne contributed immensely in the PCT development.