World History Id's
Lindsay Brame
1st Period
WORLD HISTORY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1. Key Traits of a Civilization: p 20-21,
1. Advanced Cities
2. Specialized workers
3. complex institutions (ie. Government, religion, economy)
4. Record Keeping
5. Advanced Technology
2. Sumerians p 20-23, 31-32, 29-30
One of the first groups of people to form a civilization: around 3000BC. Sumerian scribbles (record keepers) invented a system of writing called cuneiform in 3500 BC. First to use potter’s wheel to shape jars, plates and bowls. Bronze Age started in Sumer 3000 BC Sumerians built a lot of city-states. In the center of all cities was a walled temple with a ziggurat in the middle.
Belief in more than 1 god: Polytheism
3. Polytheism: p 31- 78
Belief in more than 1 God. Sumerians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians all believed in many gods (were polytheistic)
4. Fertile Crescent p. 29, 34, 88, 100-101
In the desert climate between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea in SW Asia lays an arc of land providing some of the best farming in SW Asia.—leading scholars call this area the Fertile Crescent
5. Mesopotamia—p 20, 29-34,
Word in Greek means “land between the rivers”. The rivers framing Mesopotamia are Tigris and Euphrates. People first settled in S. Mesopotamia before 4500 BC. In 3300 BC the Sumerians arrived
6. Hammurabi’s Code
Babylonian Empire reached peak during reign of Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC. Hammurabi saw that a single, uniform code of laws would help unify the diverse groups within his empire. He gathered existing rules, judgments and laws into The Code of Hammurabi. He had the code engraved in stone & put all over his empire. 282 specific laws. His code reinforced the principle that Government had responsibility for what occurred in society.
7. Phoenicians—p. 73-76
Seafaring people of SW Asia that began to trade around 1100 BC. They were great shipbuilders & seafarers. They were the 1st to travel beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. Phoenicians traded goods they got from other lands. Were superb craftspeople. Red-Purple Dye—only royalty could afford. The Phoenicians developed a writing system that used symbols to represent sounds. It is called the phonetic alphabet. One of their most lasting contributions remains the spread of the alphabet.
8. Monotheism: pp 78,227,194,268,168
Belief in a single God. Comes from Greek meaning “god-worship”.
9. Jews: p. 292
People belonging to the Jewish Religion. First major religion to believe in only one God.
Star of David is universal symbol of Judaism. Emblem refers to King David, ruler of the kingdom of Israel 1000-962 BC.
10. Assyrians: p.95-96
People that came from the northern part of Mesopotamia. Assyria acquired a large empire by their people (Assyrians) because they had a highly advanced military organization and state of the art weaponry. Assyrians ruled many lands and had their peak around 650BC. Assyrians were fearsome warriors and also great builders. The great walled city, Nineveh, was the largest city in its day being 3 miles long and a mile wide. The Assyrians had local governors that reported to a central authority. This became the fundamental model of the system of government management. The Assyrians also had one of the ancient world’s largest libraries. This library was the first to have many feature of the modern library with collections organized into many rooms according to subject matter. The Assyrians fell in 612 BC to the army of Medes and Chaldeans.
11. Hanging Gardens: p. 97-98
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Chaldean king Named Nebuchadnezzar restored Babylon. Because one of his wives missed the flowering shrubs of her mountain homeland, Nebuchadnezzar had fragrant trees and shrubs that rose 75 feet above Babylon’s flat, dry plain.
12. Persian Government p. 99
Persians based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. They relied on strong military to back up their policies. Cyrus, Persia’s King had a method of governing that brought a wise and tolerant view of empire. Cyrus showed his kindness to those people he conquered. He believed in honoring local customs and religions. Cyrus also allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem in 538 BC. Around 522 BC Darius ruled Persia showing great administration of the empire. He practiced an administrative policy of many groups—called nationalities—living by their own laws within one empire. Darius also bean an excellent system of roads. He brought to use standardized coins so that they didn’t have to weigh and measure individual pieces of Gold and Silver. This improved trade through the empire. All through Persian history, their rulers showed tolerance and good government bringing political order to Southwest Asia.
13. Menes:
Menes was the founding king of the 1st Dynasty, and was the first king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Two other names are associated with Menes: Narmer and Aha.
14. Pharaoh: p. 37
To Egyptians, kings were gods. The Egyptian god-kings were called Pharaohs. They were thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens. This type of government in which rule is based on religious authority is called theocracy. The Pharaoh stood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as its government.
15. Great Pyramid: p. 38
The largest of the Pyramids at Giza. Completed about 2556 BC. Pyramids were tombs for Pharaohs (Kings). Each perfectly cut stone of the Great Pyramid weighed at least
2 ½ tons. Some weighed 15 tons. More than 2 million of these blocks were stacked with precision to a height of 481 feet. The entire structure covered more than 13 acres.
16. 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt p.41
The three kingdoms of Ancient Egypt are
1. Old Kingdom (about 2660 BC to 2180BC)—created from Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. Built grand towering pyramids.
2. Middle Kingdom (2040-1640BC). Pharaohs regained control and restored law & order. They improved trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
3. New Kingdom: The new kingdom rulers built grand building and hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs. Slowly came apart after 1200 BC
17. Ramses: p. 90-91
Ruled Egypt from approximately 1290 to 1224 BC. He was one of the best of the “great builders” of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He added a temple to Amon-Re (Egypt’s chief god). He also had a temple carved into the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River. These temples were decorated with enormous statues of himself.
18. Maat and Osiris: p.38
Osiris was the Egyptian god of the dead. Maat was goddess of truth, justice, divine order, and balance. She was the daughter of Ra, the sun god.
19. Accomplishments of the Egyptians (p. 68-69) also p. 35-42 1. Pyramids-Building of Pyramids showed remarkable engineering achievements. They also showed the Strength of Egyptian Civilization: economic strength to build them and technological strength to carry out the building of the pyramids. It also showed strength in leadership and government organization to carry out these projects. 2. Mummification of bodies for the afterlife showed their skill in embalming. 3. Development of writing—The Egyptians started the writing system of hieroglyphics. Instead of using pictures for ideas, the hieroglyphics were like letters of the alphabet. 4. Invention of Papyrus—The Egyptians invented a better writing surface using papyrus reed. 5. Calendar—The Egyptians developed a calendar. They calculated the number of days between 1 rising of the star Sirius and the next rising. Thus, the calendar consisted of 365 days (a solar year) divided by 12 months of 30 days. 6. Written Numbers: The Egyptians developed a system of written numbers for counting, adding, & subtracting. This helped assess and collect taxes. 7. Medicine: Egyptian medicine was very advanced. They checked people’s heart rate, blood pressure, set broken bones, and performed surgery.
20. Rosetta Stone (p. 40)
In 1799, near the village of Rosetta, a black polished stone was found. This stone was inscribed with a message in 3 languages: 1) Hieroglyphics, 2) Similar form of hieroglyphics 3) Greek. In 1822, Jean Francois Champollion deciphered the messages.
SIG: He broke the code of hieroglyphics.
21. Vedas (p 63)
The sacred literature of the Indo-European Aryans. There are 4 collections of prayers, magical spells and instructions on performing rituals. Most important is Rig Veda that contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods.
22. 4 Teachings of Upanishads
The teachings of the Upanishads revolve around four primary spiritual themes. 1. The first and most important is the realization that the ultimate, formless, and inconceivable Brahman (Godhead) is the same as Atman, as our internal soul. 2. The concept of rebirth (Reincarnation) is tied to the teachings of Karma: the future consequences of everyone are decided by one's current intentions, thoughts, behaviors and actions. 3. The accumulation of Karma binds us to Samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth. 4. To attain Enlightenment by escaping the endless cycle of life and death (Samsara) through the realization of Atman/Brahman. 23. Caste System—p. 64
A social system that determined the Aryans (who settled in India) occupation: There were 4 classes: 1. Priest 2. Warriors 3. Landowners or traders, 4. Peasants or Traders. These 4 classes were first called Varnas. Later explorers from Portugal saw this social system and called these groups Castes. Later, the Hindu ideas of karma and be the basis of royal authority system determined everything in life—what they ate, who they could marry, etc.
24. Siddhartha Gautama and Buddhism p.68-69
Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. He based the religion on 4 Noble Truths: 1. First Noble Truth: Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. 2. Second Noble Truth: The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. 3. Third Noble Truth: The way to end all suffering is to end all desires. 4. Fourth Noble Truth: The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the eightfold path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.
By following the eight-fold path anyone could reach Nirvana. Buddhism believes in reincarnation. Buddhism rejected the belief of many gods and instead taught a way of enlightenment. Buddhists also rejected the caste system.
25. Mandate of Heaven p.54
In Chinese History, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. I.e. Royalty came from heaven. A just ruler had divine approval, known as The Mandate of Heaven. Was central to the Chinese government according to the Zhao leaders around 1027 BC.
26. K’ung Fu-tzu p. 104-5 One of China’s most influential scholars (Confucius. Born in 551 BC). He believed in the ethical system based on accepted principles of right and wrong.
27. Lao Tzu—
Began the philosophy of Taoism in 6th century BC. Taoism is greatly influenced by Nature. He taught people to “turn away from the folly of human pursuits and to return to one's natural wellspring.”
28. The Great Wall p. 108-109 Shi Huangdi wanted to close the gaps between the wall. Therefore, he had peasants build a wall continuously along the border of China. Each section of the wall rose to a height of 20-25 feet and watch towers were built every 200-300 yards.
29. The Great Silk Road p. 196 Caravan routes from China to western Asia to Rome were known as Silk Roads because traders used them to bring silk over these routes.
SIG: Trade increased significantly. Indians acted as Middlemen—setting up trading stations along the Silk Roads.
30. Wu-Ti Known as the Martial Emperor (140-87 BC), Wu-Ti was the 6th emperor of the Han Dynasty. He reigned 50 years and was known as the most famous emperor of Chinese history. He was known for military conquests and territory expansion. He built his powerful empire from North Korea in the east far west into Central Asia.
31. Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization: p. 21, 29-32 The Bronze Age began around 3000BC. This was when people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons. Sumerians were among the first to use Bronze. They invented the wheel, the plow the sail. Sumerians also developed a number system in base 60. Architectural innovations such as arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramids were designed during this period.
32. Homer: p.125-126 Homer is known as the greatest storyteller. He composed his epics sometime between 750-700 BC. One of Homer’s famous epic poems is The Illiad.
33. Greek Gods The Greeks created human-like gods to explain life forces, such as birth, death, love, war, etc. The gods were in human form, however, they lived forever. They had passions and human weaknesses, but they always took responsibility for their actions.
1. Zeus—Ruler of the Gods and mankind 2. Hera—wife of Zeus 3. Athena-Goddess of wisdom/arts and daughter of Zeus 4. Aphrodite—goddess of love and beauty and eternal youth 5. Apollo—God of the Sun, Light, Music and Prophecy 6. Ares—God of War 7. Artemis—Goddess of the Hunt and the Moon 8. Demeter—Natural Goddess of the Harvest 9. Dionysus—the joyful god of wine 10. Hades—God of the underworld 11. Hephaestus—God of Fire 12. Hestia—goddess of the home and family 13. Hermes—God of Trade 14. Poseidon—God of the Sea
34. Polis p.127
Greek city-state. The fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 BC. A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside (which included numerous villages).
35. Sparta and Athens p. 129-131
Sparta was located in Southern Greece and was nearly cut off from the rest of Greece by the Gulf of Corinth. Sparta did not have a democracy, but it was built a military state. From 600-371BC Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. Sparta’s government had several branches: 1. an assembly (composed of all Spartan citizens) elected officials and voted on major issues 2. The Council of Elders (made up of 30 older citizens) proposed laws that the assembly voted on. 3. Five elected officials that carried out the laws passed by the assembly as well as controlled education and prosecuted court cases. 4. 2 Kings that ruled over Sparta’s military forces.
The Spartan social order also was made up of several groups: 1. Citizens that descended from the original inhabitants of the region (included ruling families that owned the land). 2. Noncitizens who were free and worked in commerce and industry. 3. Helots, who worked in the fields or as house servants.
All forms of individual expression were discouraged. Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic/intellectual pursuits. Most important to Spartans were duty, strength, and discipline. Boys begin military service at age 7 and continued to age 60. Girls also received some military training, ran, wrestled and played sports. Spartan women had considerable freedom and ran the family estates when their husbands were on active military service.
Athens—Athenians were built on democracy and their citizens participated directly in political decision making. * In 621 BC Draco developed a legal code based on the ideas that all Athenians were equal under law. Punishment for criminals were harsh—often death. Debtors worked as slaves to repay debts. * In 594 BC, slavery was outlawed. Athenians were put into four social classes according to wealth. Any citizen could bring charges again wrongdoers.\ * In 500 BC, Citizens were grouped into ten groups based on where they lived rather than their wealth. All citizens could submit laws for debate and passage. Council members were chosen at random. Citizenship was limited to only a few people—only free adult male property owners born in Athens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights. * Only sons of wealthy families received formal education. As the boys got older, they went to military school. * Girls were not allowed to attend school. Women had very little to do with life outside the boundaries of family and home.
36. Solon p.128
Solon came to power in Athens in 594 BC. He introduced many democratic reforms. He said no citizen should own another citizen. He outlawed debt slavery. He organized all Athenian citizens into 4 classes according to wealth. Only members of the top 3 classes could hold political office. All citizens could participate in political office. H introduced the legal concept that any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers.
37. Persian Wars p.131-133
Persian Wars between Greece & Persian Empire began in: * Ionia. Greeks had always been settled here but in 546 BC, Persians invaded and conquered this area. Athens soldiers were sent to defend the Ionian Greeks. Persians won and the King vowed to destroy Athens. * In 490 BC Persian fleet invaded Marathon00northeast of Athens. Athenians won by a landslide. After winning, Athens stood defenseless. Pheidippides ran the 27.6 miles from Marathon to Athens and warned them (he died directly after running). When the Persians arrive by sea, the Athenians were ready to fight; the Persians retreated. * 480 BC Persia sent large army to crush Athens. Greeks were divided so Persia marched down the eastern coast of Greece with no resistance. However, when the Persians reached Thermopylae, 300 Spartans stopped their advance for 3 days. Then the Persians found out about a secret path. The Spartans held back the Persians while Greek forces retreated. Athenians evacuated the city to fight at sea. Athens was then destroyed by fire. Persian ships went after Greeks, but were defeated. * 479 BC, Persian army defeated at the Battle of Plataea. * 478 BC Greek city states formed an alliance. This alliance continued war against the Persians for several years. They finally drove the Persians from territories surrounding Greece and ended threat of future attacks. * SIG: After all of these wars, Athens felt confident and free. Athens was made to be the league headquarters and used military force against anyone that challenged its authority. Athenian empire grew to enormous wealth and began the Glory Days
38. Pericles—p. 134-5
Pericles was a wise and noble statesman that led Athens during much of its Golden Age. He dominated the life of Athens from 461 BC to 429 BC. This age was called the Age of Pericles. Pericles had 3 goals: 1. Strengthen Athenian democracy 2. To hold and strengthen the empire 3. To glorify Athens.
39. Delian League p 133, 135
The Delian League was formed in in 477 BC and consisted of many Greek city-states numbering 150-173. After a while, Athens took over the league and dominated all the city states in it. Pericles made the Athenian navy the strongest because he used the league’s treasury. The money in the Delian League’s treasury was also used to beautify Athens. Some of the city-states did not like the domination of money, etc. to Athenians and therefore a war broke out. The league was dissolved in 404BC after the war ended.
40. Parthenon p 135-6
A Greek Temple in Athens that was 23,000 square feet. It was built between 447 and 432 BC It was built to honor Athena, the goddess of wisdom and the protector of Athens. The sculptor Phidias did much of the work on the Parthenon. A giant statue of Athena stood over 30 feet tall and was made precious materials such as gold and ivory. The sculptures in the Parthenon tried to portray ideal buy, not realism. They wanted to show serenity.
SIG: The Parthenon and the art/sculptures inside the building became the standard of what is called classical art.
41. Greek Drama pp. 136
The Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the West. The productions were an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods. The plays were about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to the gods. Many times they a chorus that danced, sang and recited poetry.
42. Peloponnesian War p 137-8
Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 BC and thus started the Peloponnesian War. Both Athens and Sparta believed they had the stronger advantage. It ended in 421 BC when the two signed a truce.
43. Greek Philosophers pp138-
Philosopher means ”lovers of wisdom”. The Greek thinkers (philosophers) based their philosophy on two assumptions: 1. The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws. 2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason.
Some of the Greek Philosophers are: Protagoras—questioned existence of traditional Greek gods. Socrates: believed in absolute standards of truth and justice and to question themselves and their moral character. Plato: Had a vision of a perfectly governed society that was not a democracy.
Three groups made up his “ideal society”: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. Plato’s writings dominated philosophic thought in Europe for about 1,500 years. Aristotle: questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought and knowledge. His work provides the basis of the scientific method used today. Zeno: 335-263 BC founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism. Epicurus: founded the school of thought call Epicureanism. Pythagoras:--created the formula known as the Pythagorean Theorem.
44. Alexander the Great p.139, 143-5
King of Macedonia, that lived from 356-323 BC. One of Alexander the Great’s teachers was Aristotle, who taught respect of the Greek way of life. He was 20 when he became king. He was a fierce ruler that conquered many empires. He is considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. He led Greece into many wars conquering the entire known world in the Mediterranean. Every place he conquered, he introduced Greek language, art, and way of life. He died at 32 years of age.
SIG: Because Alexander the Great conquered so many lands of the Mediterranean region, Greek philosophy, art, language—the Greek culture—was spread throughout the land and still enriches our lives today.
45. Hellenism and Hellenistic Age p 146- The Hellenistic Age was approximately 323 BC- 150 BC. Hellenism is the blending of Greek (Hellenic) culture along with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences.
46. Romulus and Remus—p. 155
According to legend, the c city of Rom was founded in 753BC by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were abandoned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins decided to build a city near the spot. They chose the spot largely for its strategic location and fertile soil
47. Three peoples who settled Italian peninsula (and contributions) p. 155
The 3 groups that inhabited the Italian peninsula from about 1000-500 BC were”
The Latins, the Greeks, and the Etruscans.
48. Roman Society—p. 164
Wealth and status made huge differences in how people lived. The rich lived extravagantly while the poor barely had the necessities of life. Many were unemployed.
Romans provided free games for all to watch. As many as 50,000 crowded into the Coliseum, a huge arena, to watch bravery, cruelty, honor and violence among both men and animals.
49. Twelve Tables—p. 156-7
The Twelve Tables were a list of rules that was the basis of Roman legal system. The tables established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of law.
50. Describe Roman government in 275 BC—p. 158 Rome expanded, controlled entire Italian Peninsula by 275 B.C.; those conquered governed selves but gave taxes, soldiers to Rome. Rome had different laws and treatment for different part of its conquered territory. This lenient policy helped Rome build a long-lasting empire. There were 3 categories of the conquered groups/laws: 1. Neighboring Latin on the Tiber—became full citizens of Rome 2. In territories farther from Rom, conquered people enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizenship except vote. 3. Allies of Rome. Rom didn’t interfere with its allies as long as they supplied troops for the Roman army and didn’t make treaties of friendship with any other state.
The new citizens and allies became partners in Rome’s growth.
51. Punic Wars—p. 158
In 264 BC Rome and Carthage went to war. This was the beginning of the long struggle known as the Punic Wars. Between 264 and 146 BC Rome & Carthage fought 3 wars: 1. Fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean. Last 23 years with the defeat of Carthage. 2. Began in 218 BC. Started to avenge the above defeat of Carthage. 3. Third Punic War happened between 149-146 BC. Rome laid siege to Carthage and sold all inhabitants into slavery.
SIG: Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over the western Mediterranean.
52. Hannibal p.158
The mastermind behind the 2nd Punic War. Hannibal wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat in the 1st Punic War. Hannibal’s father made him swear to always hate Rome and to seek to destroy it. When Roman agents came to get him in 183 BC, he committed suicide rather than submit to Rome.
53. The Gracchi-p. 160
These were two brothers, Riberius and Gaius that attempted to help Rome’s poor around 150 to 130 BC. They spoke about the plight of the landless former soldiers and proposed reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. This threatened senators and caused violent deaths of both.
54. Julius Caesar—p. 161
A military leader that governed with total power. He had many military successes and became dictator of Rome for life in the year 44 BC. He started many reforms: 1. He granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces. 2. Expanded the senate. 3. Created jobs for the poor, especially through construction of new public buildings. 4. Started colonies where people without land could own property 5. Increased pay for soldiers.
Caesar grew in popularity and success; however, some viewed him as a tyrant. He was stabbed to death on March 14, 44 BC
55. Octavian-p 162
He was Caesar’s adopted son that took power along with 2 other supporters after Caesar’s assignation. They ruled for 10 years as the Second Triumvirate. Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome after jealousy and violence between the other two rulers caused war and death. He took the title of Augustus or “exalted one” He kept the title Imperator, or “supreme Military Commander”. Therefore, Rome now was an Empire ruled by one man.
56. Pax Romana—p. 162
“Roman Peace”—this period of Roman Peace lasted from 27 BC to AD 180. Peace reigned throughout the Roman Empire.
57. The Good Emperors p 164
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelias
58. Roman Philosophies
59. Latin Literature
60. Christianity—p. 168-172
A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem. During his later life he taught, preached, performed miracles and did good works. Some of his teachings were based on the Jewish tradition—such as monotheism and the principles of the Ten Commandments. As Jesus’ popularity grew, the Romans and Jewish leaders became concerned. Jesus was accused of defying the authority of Rome and crucified on a cross. Three days after his death, his body was gone from the tomb and Jesus became appearing to his followers and then ascended into Heaven. Christianity grew and is now the major Religion of the world.
61. Reason for Rome’s decline p. 173 1. Political: There was civil war & unrest. Moved capital to Babylon. Division of empire. 2. Social: Citizens didn’t feel loyalty to Rome like they once did. Decline in population due to disease/food shortage. Low confidence in the empire. 3, Economic: Poor Harvests. Inflation. Gold/silver drain. Widening of the gap between rich & poor. 4. Military: Decline of patriotism and loyalty of soldiers. Low funds for defense. Threat from northern tribes
SIG: The Fall of the Roman Empire
62. Diocletian p 174-5
A strong-willed army leader that was emperor in Rome in AD 284. He tried to restore Rome to the empire by doubling the size of the Roman army and controlling inflation by setting fixed prices for goods. He divided Rome into East and West. Diocletian retired in AD 305.
SIG: Diocletian tried to restore Rome to the empire it previously was. After he retired, Rome’s reform ended and the empire crumbled again.
63. Constantine p,174-5
He gained control of western part of Roman Empire in AD 312. In 324 he gained control of the Eastern part of the Empire, thus uniting Rome into one. Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. The name of the city changed to Constantinople.
SIG: Constantine re-united east/west of Roman Empire
64. Alaric, Attila, Odoacer p. 176
Alaric led an invasion of Rome in 410 and began the decline of the Roman Empire.
Attila—leader of Huns in 444 AD that attacked both East and West Rome. He never got through the walls of Constantinople.
Odoacer: The first Barbarian King of Italy. Took power in 476. This was considered the end of the Western Roman Empire.
65. Constantinople: p 175
The name that the Eastern Capitol of Rome was changed to from Byzantium. This was named from the ruler of Constantine
66. Justinian p.302
Justinian was a leader that unified the East/West Roman Empire and then decided to create a uniform code of laws, etc. This code was called the Justinian Code and was passed around 534 AD. This code consisted of four works: 1. The Code—5,000 laws useful for Byzantine Empire 2. The Digest—Opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers. 3. The Institutes—textbook that taught law students how to use the laws. 4. The Novellae –new laws that passed after 534.
SIG: Justinian created the Justinian Code that decided questions of the Byzantine Empire.
67. Christian Church split (1054) p, 302-3
During the Byzantine Empire, the Ease and the West Roman Empires grew differently in both political and religious beliefs. These differences caused a split in the church. The western church became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. The similarities between the two are: 1) that they based their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible, 2) used sacraments such as baptism, 3) religious leaders are priests and bishop, 4) and they sought to convert people.
However the differences included:
1) Roman Catholic Church conduced services in Latin and Eastern Orthodox conducted services in Greek or local languages.
2) Roman Catholic declared that the pope has authority over all bishops and the Eastern Orthodox believed in the Patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group.
3) Roman Catholic Pope claims authority over all kings and emperors and in the Eastern Orthodox Church the emperor claims authority over patriarch and other bishops
4) Roman Catholic Church does not believe in divorce and the Eastern Orthodox allows divorce in certain situations.
SIG: Christian church split into 2 churches that had similar beliefs as well as several differences in belief.
68. Muhammad and Islam p.264-8
Muhammad born 570 AD.—A prophet that introduced the religion of Muslim believing in only one God.
Islam –submission to the will of Allah. Main teaching is that there is only one God, Allah. They also teach that there is good and evil. All individuals are responsible for the actions of his or her life.
SIG: People who agreed to the basic principle of Islam (Allah is the one and only God) were called Muslims.
69. Five pillars of Islam: p. 267
The five duties needed to become a Muslim are known as the Five Pillars of Islam: 1. Faith: Have to testify “there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” 2. Prayer: Five times a day Muslins face toward Mecca to pray. 3. . Alms: Muslims show responsibility to support those less fortunate by giving alms, or money for the poor through a special religious tax. 4. Fasting: During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslins fast between dawn and sunset. 5. Pilgrimage: Muslims perform the hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca at least once.
70. Jihad: p. 269
Abu-Bakr invoked the word jihad which means “striving” and can refer to the inner struggle against evil, or the struggle against unbelievers.
71. Shi’ites and Sunni Muslims: p. 271
Shi’ites are members of the group called Shi’a meaning the “party of Ali”
Sunni: the members who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads were known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example
72. Islamic Arts and Sciences: p. 276-278
Muslim arts were colorful and did not contain images of living beings. The ways that Muslims expressed themselves through art were 1. Arabesque decorations—complex, ornate designs. 2. Calligraphy or ornamental writing. 3. Geometric Patterns
Sciences: There were two ideas that Muslim scholars introduced to modern math & sciences: 1. Reliance on scientific observation & experimentation 2. The ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems.
Medical advances were seen by the Persian scholar named al-Razi, named the greatest physician of the world civilization between AD 500-1500. Muslims believed that math was the basis of all knowledge. Al-Khwarizmi (born 700) wrote a book explaining the “art of bringing together unknown to match a known quantity). Today this work is called Algebra.
Advances were seen in the study of astronomy. Ibn al-Haytham wrote a book called Optics that revolutionized vision. His studies were used in developing lenses for telescope and microscopes. Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by conducting experiments in laboratory settings.
73. Slavs: p 307
A people from the forests north of the Black Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern Europe today
74.Ottomans p. 507
The most successful ghazi (warriors for Islam) was Osman. His followers were called Ottomans. The Ottoman’s military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder.
75. Clovis: p. 354
The leader of a Germanic people called Franks. Clovis helped bring Christianity to the Roman province of Gaul. 496-511 AD
76. Benedict: p. 355
Around 520 an Italian Monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries.
77. Gregory I: p. 355
Gregory I made the idea of a churchly kingdom ruled by the Pope—central theme of the Middle Ages. 590 AD Gregory I (Gregory the Great) became Pope, head of the Church of Rome. He made the authority of the Pope go beyond Region and made the papacy become a worldly power involved in politics. Gregory I made the pope’s palace the center of Roman government.
78. Merovingian Kings:
A group within the Franks that invaded Rome during the late 400s AD. The 1st
Merovingian King was Childeric who died in 482. Clovis was his son and the first Christian Merovingian king. There were quite a few Merovingian kings that usually died by the hands of an assassin. The last king was Dagobert II
79. Charlemagne: p. 357
771, Charles the Great—known as Charlemagne—ruled the Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome. By 800, he had become the most powerful king in Western Europe. In 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as emperor. This was historic the pope had claimed the political right to confer the title “Roman Emperor”. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church and the heritage of the Roman Empire.
80. Vikings: p. 358
The Vikings, also called Northmen or Norsemen, were a Germanic People. They worshiped warlike gods and had “savage-type” nicknames. The Vikings were warriors, traders, farmers, and explorers. The Vikings reached North America around 1000 AD.
81. Feudalism: p. 361
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
82. Manor system: p. 360
During the Middle Ages, the manor system was the basic economic arrangement. The major system rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs. The lord provided the serf with housing, farmland, and protection from bandits. In return, serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.
83. Bourgeoisie: p. 376
The middle class “haves”.
85. Guild p. 388
An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The first guilds were merchant guilds.
86. Cluny: p. 379
The monastery founded at Cluny in France in 910 was important because they wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion. They did so by establishing new religious orders and expanded its power and authority.
87. Lay investiture p. 372
A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture.
88. Concordat of Worms p. 372
1122. Representative of the Church and the emperor met in the German city or Worms and reached a compromise (Concordat of Worms) that set terms saying the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.
89. The Inquisition: p. 384
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400’s.
90. Francis of Assisi: p. 380
An Italian that founded another order of friars, the Franciscans. Francis treated all creatures, including animals, as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters. Francis of Assisi and Clare founded the Franciscan order for women in 1212.
91. Romanesque and Gothic Styles: p. 380
Romanesque Style: A style of architecture of churches/cathedrals that were built between 800 and 1100. These churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The thick walls had tiny windows that let in little light.
Gothic Style: This style of architecture began in the early 1100s. Gothic cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven. Light streamed in through huge stained glass windows. This architecture was meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God.
92. The Norman Conquest p. 393-4
The invader was Willam, duke of Normandy, who became known as William the Conqueror. William’s rival was Harold Godwinson. Oct 14. 1066 Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the battle of Hastings. After victory, William declared all England his personal property. William granted lands to about 200 Norman Lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally.
SIG: William unified control of the lands and laid the foundation for centralized government in England.
93. The capetian dynasty—p. 396
Hugh Capet began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328.
94. Frederick Barbarossa p. 373
German Ruler Frederick I, nicknamed Barbarossa for his red beard. Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire. His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes. In 1176 Italian soldiers of the Lombard League battled Frederick’s army at the Battle of Legnano and defeated them. Frederick made peace with the Pope and returned to Germany
95. Describe the revival of learning in the late 1100s p. 367
The themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare. Stories idealized castle life, glorified knighthood and chivalry, tournaments and real battles. Songs and poems about a knight’s undying love for a lady were very popular
96. Thomas Aquinas p. 392
In the mid 1200’s, Thomas Aquinas, a scholar argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. Between 1267 and 1273, Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologicae. It combined ancient Greek thought with the Christian thoughts of his time.
SIG: Their teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of western Europeans, particularly the English & French 97. Chivalry p. 365
A code of behavior for Knights in medieval Europe (late 1100’s) stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty and devotion.
98. The Crusades—p. 382
A crusade is a Holy War fought to gain control of the Holy Land. Lasted for 300 years with the first crusade beginning early 1097.
99. Joan of Arc p.402-403
In 1429, French peasant girl named Joan of Arc felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. She led the French army into several battles, but was caught by English Allies in 1430. She was turned over to Church authorities and burned at the stake because she had been condemned as a witch and heretic.
100. Magna Carta p. 394
The Magna Carter (Great Charter) was signed by King John of England on June 15, 1215 and guaranteed rights that included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law applied to every citizen.
SIG: these are now considered basic legal rights both in England and in the United States.
101. Parliament: p 395
A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. Started in 1295 by English king, Edward I.
102. Louis IX p. 396
French ruler from 1226-1270. He was known as the “ideal king” He created a French appeals court, which could overturn the decisions of local courts. This strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties.
103. Estates General p. 397
In France, the Church leaders were known as the First Estate and the great lords as the Second Estate. The commoners, wealthy landholders or merchants became known as the Third Estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates General. The Estates-General helped to increase royal power against nobility.
104. Nation-state p. 687
An independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity
105. Boniface VIII—p. 398
In 1300 pone Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as previous popes had. King Philip IV of France asserted his authority of French bishops. Boniface responded with an official document stating that Kings must always obey popes. Instead of obeying the pope, Philip had him held prisoner. The pope was rescued
SIG: Never again would a pope be able to force monarchs to obey them
106. “Babylonian Captivity” -- p. 82
738 BC – 445 BC
107. The Great Schism—p.399
In 1378, the College of Cardinals met to choose a new pope. They voted on an Italian Pope named Pope Urban VI. They then elected a second pope a few months later that was French. There were now 2 popes. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism, or division.
108. John Wycliffe and John Huss—p 399
John Wycliffe was an Englishman that preached Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. Wycliffe taught that the Bible alone—not the pope—was the final authority for Christian Life. He spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible
John Hus was a professor in Bohemia that was influenced by Wycliffe’s teachings. Jan Hus taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was excommunicated in 1412, seized by the Church leaders in 1414, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake in 1415.
109. The Black Death—p. 399
In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying bubonic plague, known also as Black Death. It got the name because of the purplish/blackish spots it produced on the skin. Approximately 1/3 of the population of Europe died of this deadly disease.
110. The Hundred Years War—p. 401
England’s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne and began the war known as the Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453. The French and English passed victory back and forth.
SIG: The end of the Hundred Year’s War in 1453 was considered the end of the Middle Ages.
111. Nationalism: p687
Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
112. The War of the Roses: p.403
When the English suffered a period of internal turmoil in which two noble houses fought for the throne between 1455 and 1485.
113. Isabella and Ferdinand: p. 384
Spanish Monarchs that wanted to unify their country (Spain) under Christianity and to increase their power. To do this, they used the “inquisition” which was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy. Many Jews and Muslims in Spain converted to Christianity. In 1492, the monarch expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain.
114. Czar—p311.
A Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar).
115. Ivan IV—p 608
Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, came to the Russian throne in 1533 when he was 3 years of age. Ivan crowned himself czar (meaning “Caesar”) at the age of 16 and was the first Russian rule to use this title officially. From 1547-1560 was Ivan’s “good period”. He won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly. Then in 1560, Anastasia, his wife, died and thus began Ivan’s “bad period”. He organized his own police force that hunted down and murdered people that Ivan considered traitors. Thousands of people died. In 1581, Ivan killed his eldest son during a quarrel and then died 3 years later to leave his weak second son to rule.
116. Sui—
The Sui Dynasty (489-618) for the first time unified China after 4 decades of north/south division.
117. T’ang—p. 323
The Tang emperor who began the dynasty that ruled nearly 300 years (618-907) was Tang Taizong. Under the Tang rulers, the empire expanded and they further strengthened the central government of China. They expanded the network of roads and canals. They also promoted foreign trade and improvements in agriculture.
118. Sung—p. 324
In 960, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, a general named Taizu reunited China and proclaimed himself the first Song (Sung) Emperor. The Sung Dynasty lasted about 300 years (960-1270). China remained stable, powerful, and prosperous. By the Song era, China had become the most populous and the most advanced country in the world.
119. Chinese Technology @600—p.
120. Genghis Khan—p. 309
Nomads from Russia called Mongols were a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia in the 1200s. Genghis Khan, their leader, was one of the most feared warriors of all time. The Mongols were known for their savage killing and burning and won them a reputation for ruthless brutality. Genghis Khan died in 1227.
121. Kublai Khan—
1215-1294 was a Mongolian ruler that was not the same as the brutal warriors before him. Under Kublai Khan, China’s culture developed in many ways. He established paper currency, reorganized and improved roads, and expanded waterways.
122. Marco Polo—p. 337
Marco Polo was a young Venetian trader that traveled on the Silk Roads with his father and uncle. He arrived at Kublai Khan’s court around 1275. He went to several Chinese cities on government missions. Polo served Kublai Khan for 17 years. In 1292, he left the city and traveled back to Venice where he was captured in Genoa. In prison, Polo told of his fabulous travels and described China as the greatest civilization he had visited in the world. Many people did not believe anything he told or wrote; however, Marco Polo knew China was the greatest civilization! 123. Ming—p. 538
The first Ming Emperor was Hongwu. He commanded the rebel army and drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. The Ming Dynasty was from 1368-1644 and became the most dominant power in Asia.
1st Period
WORLD HISTORY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1. Key Traits of a Civilization: p 20-21,
1. Advanced Cities
2. Specialized workers
3. complex institutions (ie. Government, religion, economy)
4. Record Keeping
5. Advanced Technology
2. Sumerians p 20-23, 31-32, 29-30
One of the first groups of people to form a civilization: around 3000BC. Sumerian scribbles (record keepers) invented a system of writing called cuneiform in 3500 BC. First to use potter’s wheel to shape jars, plates and bowls. Bronze Age started in Sumer 3000 BC Sumerians built a lot of city-states. In the center of all cities was a walled temple with a ziggurat in the middle.
Belief in more than 1 god: Polytheism
3. Polytheism: p 31- 78
Belief in more than 1 God. Sumerians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians all believed in many gods (were polytheistic)
4. Fertile Crescent p. 29, 34, 88, 100-101
In the desert climate between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea in SW Asia lays an arc of land providing some of the best farming in SW Asia.—leading scholars call this area the Fertile Crescent
5. Mesopotamia—p 20, 29-34,
Word in Greek means “land between the rivers”. The rivers framing Mesopotamia are Tigris and Euphrates. People first settled in S. Mesopotamia before 4500 BC. In 3300 BC the Sumerians arrived
6. Hammurabi’s Code
Babylonian Empire reached peak during reign of Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC. Hammurabi saw that a single, uniform code of laws would help unify the diverse groups within his empire. He gathered existing rules, judgments and laws into The Code of Hammurabi. He had the code engraved in stone & put all over his empire. 282 specific laws. His code reinforced the principle that Government had responsibility for what occurred in society.
7. Phoenicians—p. 73-76
Seafaring people of SW Asia that began to trade around 1100 BC. They were great shipbuilders & seafarers. They were the 1st to travel beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. Phoenicians traded goods they got from other lands. Were superb craftspeople. Red-Purple Dye—only royalty could afford. The Phoenicians developed a writing system that used symbols to represent sounds. It is called the phonetic alphabet. One of their most lasting contributions remains the spread of the alphabet.
8. Monotheism: pp 78,227,194,268,168
Belief in a single God. Comes from Greek meaning “god-worship”.
9. Jews: p. 292
People belonging to the Jewish Religion. First major religion to believe in only one God.
Star of David is universal symbol of Judaism. Emblem refers to King David, ruler of the kingdom of Israel 1000-962 BC.
10. Assyrians: p.95-96
People that came from the northern part of Mesopotamia. Assyria acquired a large empire by their people (Assyrians) because they had a highly advanced military organization and state of the art weaponry. Assyrians ruled many lands and had their peak around 650BC. Assyrians were fearsome warriors and also great builders. The great walled city, Nineveh, was the largest city in its day being 3 miles long and a mile wide. The Assyrians had local governors that reported to a central authority. This became the fundamental model of the system of government management. The Assyrians also had one of the ancient world’s largest libraries. This library was the first to have many feature of the modern library with collections organized into many rooms according to subject matter. The Assyrians fell in 612 BC to the army of Medes and Chaldeans.
11. Hanging Gardens: p. 97-98
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Chaldean king Named Nebuchadnezzar restored Babylon. Because one of his wives missed the flowering shrubs of her mountain homeland, Nebuchadnezzar had fragrant trees and shrubs that rose 75 feet above Babylon’s flat, dry plain.
12. Persian Government p. 99
Persians based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. They relied on strong military to back up their policies. Cyrus, Persia’s King had a method of governing that brought a wise and tolerant view of empire. Cyrus showed his kindness to those people he conquered. He believed in honoring local customs and religions. Cyrus also allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem in 538 BC. Around 522 BC Darius ruled Persia showing great administration of the empire. He practiced an administrative policy of many groups—called nationalities—living by their own laws within one empire. Darius also bean an excellent system of roads. He brought to use standardized coins so that they didn’t have to weigh and measure individual pieces of Gold and Silver. This improved trade through the empire. All through Persian history, their rulers showed tolerance and good government bringing political order to Southwest Asia.
13. Menes:
Menes was the founding king of the 1st Dynasty, and was the first king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Two other names are associated with Menes: Narmer and Aha.
14. Pharaoh: p. 37
To Egyptians, kings were gods. The Egyptian god-kings were called Pharaohs. They were thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens. This type of government in which rule is based on religious authority is called theocracy. The Pharaoh stood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as its government.
15. Great Pyramid: p. 38
The largest of the Pyramids at Giza. Completed about 2556 BC. Pyramids were tombs for Pharaohs (Kings). Each perfectly cut stone of the Great Pyramid weighed at least
2 ½ tons. Some weighed 15 tons. More than 2 million of these blocks were stacked with precision to a height of 481 feet. The entire structure covered more than 13 acres.
16. 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt p.41
The three kingdoms of Ancient Egypt are
1. Old Kingdom (about 2660 BC to 2180BC)—created from Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. Built grand towering pyramids.
2. Middle Kingdom (2040-1640BC). Pharaohs regained control and restored law & order. They improved trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
3. New Kingdom: The new kingdom rulers built grand building and hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs. Slowly came apart after 1200 BC
17. Ramses: p. 90-91
Ruled Egypt from approximately 1290 to 1224 BC. He was one of the best of the “great builders” of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He added a temple to Amon-Re (Egypt’s chief god). He also had a temple carved into the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River. These temples were decorated with enormous statues of himself.
18. Maat and Osiris: p.38
Osiris was the Egyptian god of the dead. Maat was goddess of truth, justice, divine order, and balance. She was the daughter of Ra, the sun god.
19. Accomplishments of the Egyptians (p. 68-69) also p. 35-42 1. Pyramids-Building of Pyramids showed remarkable engineering achievements. They also showed the Strength of Egyptian Civilization: economic strength to build them and technological strength to carry out the building of the pyramids. It also showed strength in leadership and government organization to carry out these projects. 2. Mummification of bodies for the afterlife showed their skill in embalming. 3. Development of writing—The Egyptians started the writing system of hieroglyphics. Instead of using pictures for ideas, the hieroglyphics were like letters of the alphabet. 4. Invention of Papyrus—The Egyptians invented a better writing surface using papyrus reed. 5. Calendar—The Egyptians developed a calendar. They calculated the number of days between 1 rising of the star Sirius and the next rising. Thus, the calendar consisted of 365 days (a solar year) divided by 12 months of 30 days. 6. Written Numbers: The Egyptians developed a system of written numbers for counting, adding, & subtracting. This helped assess and collect taxes. 7. Medicine: Egyptian medicine was very advanced. They checked people’s heart rate, blood pressure, set broken bones, and performed surgery.
20. Rosetta Stone (p. 40)
In 1799, near the village of Rosetta, a black polished stone was found. This stone was inscribed with a message in 3 languages: 1) Hieroglyphics, 2) Similar form of hieroglyphics 3) Greek. In 1822, Jean Francois Champollion deciphered the messages.
SIG: He broke the code of hieroglyphics.
21. Vedas (p 63)
The sacred literature of the Indo-European Aryans. There are 4 collections of prayers, magical spells and instructions on performing rituals. Most important is Rig Veda that contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods.
22. 4 Teachings of Upanishads
The teachings of the Upanishads revolve around four primary spiritual themes. 1. The first and most important is the realization that the ultimate, formless, and inconceivable Brahman (Godhead) is the same as Atman, as our internal soul. 2. The concept of rebirth (Reincarnation) is tied to the teachings of Karma: the future consequences of everyone are decided by one's current intentions, thoughts, behaviors and actions. 3. The accumulation of Karma binds us to Samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth. 4. To attain Enlightenment by escaping the endless cycle of life and death (Samsara) through the realization of Atman/Brahman. 23. Caste System—p. 64
A social system that determined the Aryans (who settled in India) occupation: There were 4 classes: 1. Priest 2. Warriors 3. Landowners or traders, 4. Peasants or Traders. These 4 classes were first called Varnas. Later explorers from Portugal saw this social system and called these groups Castes. Later, the Hindu ideas of karma and be the basis of royal authority system determined everything in life—what they ate, who they could marry, etc.
24. Siddhartha Gautama and Buddhism p.68-69
Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. He based the religion on 4 Noble Truths: 1. First Noble Truth: Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. 2. Second Noble Truth: The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. 3. Third Noble Truth: The way to end all suffering is to end all desires. 4. Fourth Noble Truth: The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the eightfold path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.
By following the eight-fold path anyone could reach Nirvana. Buddhism believes in reincarnation. Buddhism rejected the belief of many gods and instead taught a way of enlightenment. Buddhists also rejected the caste system.
25. Mandate of Heaven p.54
In Chinese History, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. I.e. Royalty came from heaven. A just ruler had divine approval, known as The Mandate of Heaven. Was central to the Chinese government according to the Zhao leaders around 1027 BC.
26. K’ung Fu-tzu p. 104-5 One of China’s most influential scholars (Confucius. Born in 551 BC). He believed in the ethical system based on accepted principles of right and wrong.
27. Lao Tzu—
Began the philosophy of Taoism in 6th century BC. Taoism is greatly influenced by Nature. He taught people to “turn away from the folly of human pursuits and to return to one's natural wellspring.”
28. The Great Wall p. 108-109 Shi Huangdi wanted to close the gaps between the wall. Therefore, he had peasants build a wall continuously along the border of China. Each section of the wall rose to a height of 20-25 feet and watch towers were built every 200-300 yards.
29. The Great Silk Road p. 196 Caravan routes from China to western Asia to Rome were known as Silk Roads because traders used them to bring silk over these routes.
SIG: Trade increased significantly. Indians acted as Middlemen—setting up trading stations along the Silk Roads.
30. Wu-Ti Known as the Martial Emperor (140-87 BC), Wu-Ti was the 6th emperor of the Han Dynasty. He reigned 50 years and was known as the most famous emperor of Chinese history. He was known for military conquests and territory expansion. He built his powerful empire from North Korea in the east far west into Central Asia.
31. Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization: p. 21, 29-32 The Bronze Age began around 3000BC. This was when people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons. Sumerians were among the first to use Bronze. They invented the wheel, the plow the sail. Sumerians also developed a number system in base 60. Architectural innovations such as arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramids were designed during this period.
32. Homer: p.125-126 Homer is known as the greatest storyteller. He composed his epics sometime between 750-700 BC. One of Homer’s famous epic poems is The Illiad.
33. Greek Gods The Greeks created human-like gods to explain life forces, such as birth, death, love, war, etc. The gods were in human form, however, they lived forever. They had passions and human weaknesses, but they always took responsibility for their actions.
1. Zeus—Ruler of the Gods and mankind 2. Hera—wife of Zeus 3. Athena-Goddess of wisdom/arts and daughter of Zeus 4. Aphrodite—goddess of love and beauty and eternal youth 5. Apollo—God of the Sun, Light, Music and Prophecy 6. Ares—God of War 7. Artemis—Goddess of the Hunt and the Moon 8. Demeter—Natural Goddess of the Harvest 9. Dionysus—the joyful god of wine 10. Hades—God of the underworld 11. Hephaestus—God of Fire 12. Hestia—goddess of the home and family 13. Hermes—God of Trade 14. Poseidon—God of the Sea
34. Polis p.127
Greek city-state. The fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 BC. A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside (which included numerous villages).
35. Sparta and Athens p. 129-131
Sparta was located in Southern Greece and was nearly cut off from the rest of Greece by the Gulf of Corinth. Sparta did not have a democracy, but it was built a military state. From 600-371BC Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. Sparta’s government had several branches: 1. an assembly (composed of all Spartan citizens) elected officials and voted on major issues 2. The Council of Elders (made up of 30 older citizens) proposed laws that the assembly voted on. 3. Five elected officials that carried out the laws passed by the assembly as well as controlled education and prosecuted court cases. 4. 2 Kings that ruled over Sparta’s military forces.
The Spartan social order also was made up of several groups: 1. Citizens that descended from the original inhabitants of the region (included ruling families that owned the land). 2. Noncitizens who were free and worked in commerce and industry. 3. Helots, who worked in the fields or as house servants.
All forms of individual expression were discouraged. Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic/intellectual pursuits. Most important to Spartans were duty, strength, and discipline. Boys begin military service at age 7 and continued to age 60. Girls also received some military training, ran, wrestled and played sports. Spartan women had considerable freedom and ran the family estates when their husbands were on active military service.
Athens—Athenians were built on democracy and their citizens participated directly in political decision making. * In 621 BC Draco developed a legal code based on the ideas that all Athenians were equal under law. Punishment for criminals were harsh—often death. Debtors worked as slaves to repay debts. * In 594 BC, slavery was outlawed. Athenians were put into four social classes according to wealth. Any citizen could bring charges again wrongdoers.\ * In 500 BC, Citizens were grouped into ten groups based on where they lived rather than their wealth. All citizens could submit laws for debate and passage. Council members were chosen at random. Citizenship was limited to only a few people—only free adult male property owners born in Athens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights. * Only sons of wealthy families received formal education. As the boys got older, they went to military school. * Girls were not allowed to attend school. Women had very little to do with life outside the boundaries of family and home.
36. Solon p.128
Solon came to power in Athens in 594 BC. He introduced many democratic reforms. He said no citizen should own another citizen. He outlawed debt slavery. He organized all Athenian citizens into 4 classes according to wealth. Only members of the top 3 classes could hold political office. All citizens could participate in political office. H introduced the legal concept that any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers.
37. Persian Wars p.131-133
Persian Wars between Greece & Persian Empire began in: * Ionia. Greeks had always been settled here but in 546 BC, Persians invaded and conquered this area. Athens soldiers were sent to defend the Ionian Greeks. Persians won and the King vowed to destroy Athens. * In 490 BC Persian fleet invaded Marathon00northeast of Athens. Athenians won by a landslide. After winning, Athens stood defenseless. Pheidippides ran the 27.6 miles from Marathon to Athens and warned them (he died directly after running). When the Persians arrive by sea, the Athenians were ready to fight; the Persians retreated. * 480 BC Persia sent large army to crush Athens. Greeks were divided so Persia marched down the eastern coast of Greece with no resistance. However, when the Persians reached Thermopylae, 300 Spartans stopped their advance for 3 days. Then the Persians found out about a secret path. The Spartans held back the Persians while Greek forces retreated. Athenians evacuated the city to fight at sea. Athens was then destroyed by fire. Persian ships went after Greeks, but were defeated. * 479 BC, Persian army defeated at the Battle of Plataea. * 478 BC Greek city states formed an alliance. This alliance continued war against the Persians for several years. They finally drove the Persians from territories surrounding Greece and ended threat of future attacks. * SIG: After all of these wars, Athens felt confident and free. Athens was made to be the league headquarters and used military force against anyone that challenged its authority. Athenian empire grew to enormous wealth and began the Glory Days
38. Pericles—p. 134-5
Pericles was a wise and noble statesman that led Athens during much of its Golden Age. He dominated the life of Athens from 461 BC to 429 BC. This age was called the Age of Pericles. Pericles had 3 goals: 1. Strengthen Athenian democracy 2. To hold and strengthen the empire 3. To glorify Athens.
39. Delian League p 133, 135
The Delian League was formed in in 477 BC and consisted of many Greek city-states numbering 150-173. After a while, Athens took over the league and dominated all the city states in it. Pericles made the Athenian navy the strongest because he used the league’s treasury. The money in the Delian League’s treasury was also used to beautify Athens. Some of the city-states did not like the domination of money, etc. to Athenians and therefore a war broke out. The league was dissolved in 404BC after the war ended.
40. Parthenon p 135-6
A Greek Temple in Athens that was 23,000 square feet. It was built between 447 and 432 BC It was built to honor Athena, the goddess of wisdom and the protector of Athens. The sculptor Phidias did much of the work on the Parthenon. A giant statue of Athena stood over 30 feet tall and was made precious materials such as gold and ivory. The sculptures in the Parthenon tried to portray ideal buy, not realism. They wanted to show serenity.
SIG: The Parthenon and the art/sculptures inside the building became the standard of what is called classical art.
41. Greek Drama pp. 136
The Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the West. The productions were an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods. The plays were about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to the gods. Many times they a chorus that danced, sang and recited poetry.
42. Peloponnesian War p 137-8
Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 BC and thus started the Peloponnesian War. Both Athens and Sparta believed they had the stronger advantage. It ended in 421 BC when the two signed a truce.
43. Greek Philosophers pp138-
Philosopher means ”lovers of wisdom”. The Greek thinkers (philosophers) based their philosophy on two assumptions: 1. The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws. 2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason.
Some of the Greek Philosophers are: Protagoras—questioned existence of traditional Greek gods. Socrates: believed in absolute standards of truth and justice and to question themselves and their moral character. Plato: Had a vision of a perfectly governed society that was not a democracy.
Three groups made up his “ideal society”: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. Plato’s writings dominated philosophic thought in Europe for about 1,500 years. Aristotle: questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought and knowledge. His work provides the basis of the scientific method used today. Zeno: 335-263 BC founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism. Epicurus: founded the school of thought call Epicureanism. Pythagoras:--created the formula known as the Pythagorean Theorem.
44. Alexander the Great p.139, 143-5
King of Macedonia, that lived from 356-323 BC. One of Alexander the Great’s teachers was Aristotle, who taught respect of the Greek way of life. He was 20 when he became king. He was a fierce ruler that conquered many empires. He is considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. He led Greece into many wars conquering the entire known world in the Mediterranean. Every place he conquered, he introduced Greek language, art, and way of life. He died at 32 years of age.
SIG: Because Alexander the Great conquered so many lands of the Mediterranean region, Greek philosophy, art, language—the Greek culture—was spread throughout the land and still enriches our lives today.
45. Hellenism and Hellenistic Age p 146- The Hellenistic Age was approximately 323 BC- 150 BC. Hellenism is the blending of Greek (Hellenic) culture along with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences.
46. Romulus and Remus—p. 155
According to legend, the c city of Rom was founded in 753BC by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were abandoned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins decided to build a city near the spot. They chose the spot largely for its strategic location and fertile soil
47. Three peoples who settled Italian peninsula (and contributions) p. 155
The 3 groups that inhabited the Italian peninsula from about 1000-500 BC were”
The Latins, the Greeks, and the Etruscans.
48. Roman Society—p. 164
Wealth and status made huge differences in how people lived. The rich lived extravagantly while the poor barely had the necessities of life. Many were unemployed.
Romans provided free games for all to watch. As many as 50,000 crowded into the Coliseum, a huge arena, to watch bravery, cruelty, honor and violence among both men and animals.
49. Twelve Tables—p. 156-7
The Twelve Tables were a list of rules that was the basis of Roman legal system. The tables established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of law.
50. Describe Roman government in 275 BC—p. 158 Rome expanded, controlled entire Italian Peninsula by 275 B.C.; those conquered governed selves but gave taxes, soldiers to Rome. Rome had different laws and treatment for different part of its conquered territory. This lenient policy helped Rome build a long-lasting empire. There were 3 categories of the conquered groups/laws: 1. Neighboring Latin on the Tiber—became full citizens of Rome 2. In territories farther from Rom, conquered people enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizenship except vote. 3. Allies of Rome. Rom didn’t interfere with its allies as long as they supplied troops for the Roman army and didn’t make treaties of friendship with any other state.
The new citizens and allies became partners in Rome’s growth.
51. Punic Wars—p. 158
In 264 BC Rome and Carthage went to war. This was the beginning of the long struggle known as the Punic Wars. Between 264 and 146 BC Rome & Carthage fought 3 wars: 1. Fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean. Last 23 years with the defeat of Carthage. 2. Began in 218 BC. Started to avenge the above defeat of Carthage. 3. Third Punic War happened between 149-146 BC. Rome laid siege to Carthage and sold all inhabitants into slavery.
SIG: Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over the western Mediterranean.
52. Hannibal p.158
The mastermind behind the 2nd Punic War. Hannibal wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat in the 1st Punic War. Hannibal’s father made him swear to always hate Rome and to seek to destroy it. When Roman agents came to get him in 183 BC, he committed suicide rather than submit to Rome.
53. The Gracchi-p. 160
These were two brothers, Riberius and Gaius that attempted to help Rome’s poor around 150 to 130 BC. They spoke about the plight of the landless former soldiers and proposed reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. This threatened senators and caused violent deaths of both.
54. Julius Caesar—p. 161
A military leader that governed with total power. He had many military successes and became dictator of Rome for life in the year 44 BC. He started many reforms: 1. He granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces. 2. Expanded the senate. 3. Created jobs for the poor, especially through construction of new public buildings. 4. Started colonies where people without land could own property 5. Increased pay for soldiers.
Caesar grew in popularity and success; however, some viewed him as a tyrant. He was stabbed to death on March 14, 44 BC
55. Octavian-p 162
He was Caesar’s adopted son that took power along with 2 other supporters after Caesar’s assignation. They ruled for 10 years as the Second Triumvirate. Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome after jealousy and violence between the other two rulers caused war and death. He took the title of Augustus or “exalted one” He kept the title Imperator, or “supreme Military Commander”. Therefore, Rome now was an Empire ruled by one man.
56. Pax Romana—p. 162
“Roman Peace”—this period of Roman Peace lasted from 27 BC to AD 180. Peace reigned throughout the Roman Empire.
57. The Good Emperors p 164
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelias
58. Roman Philosophies
59. Latin Literature
60. Christianity—p. 168-172
A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem. During his later life he taught, preached, performed miracles and did good works. Some of his teachings were based on the Jewish tradition—such as monotheism and the principles of the Ten Commandments. As Jesus’ popularity grew, the Romans and Jewish leaders became concerned. Jesus was accused of defying the authority of Rome and crucified on a cross. Three days after his death, his body was gone from the tomb and Jesus became appearing to his followers and then ascended into Heaven. Christianity grew and is now the major Religion of the world.
61. Reason for Rome’s decline p. 173 1. Political: There was civil war & unrest. Moved capital to Babylon. Division of empire. 2. Social: Citizens didn’t feel loyalty to Rome like they once did. Decline in population due to disease/food shortage. Low confidence in the empire. 3, Economic: Poor Harvests. Inflation. Gold/silver drain. Widening of the gap between rich & poor. 4. Military: Decline of patriotism and loyalty of soldiers. Low funds for defense. Threat from northern tribes
SIG: The Fall of the Roman Empire
62. Diocletian p 174-5
A strong-willed army leader that was emperor in Rome in AD 284. He tried to restore Rome to the empire by doubling the size of the Roman army and controlling inflation by setting fixed prices for goods. He divided Rome into East and West. Diocletian retired in AD 305.
SIG: Diocletian tried to restore Rome to the empire it previously was. After he retired, Rome’s reform ended and the empire crumbled again.
63. Constantine p,174-5
He gained control of western part of Roman Empire in AD 312. In 324 he gained control of the Eastern part of the Empire, thus uniting Rome into one. Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. The name of the city changed to Constantinople.
SIG: Constantine re-united east/west of Roman Empire
64. Alaric, Attila, Odoacer p. 176
Alaric led an invasion of Rome in 410 and began the decline of the Roman Empire.
Attila—leader of Huns in 444 AD that attacked both East and West Rome. He never got through the walls of Constantinople.
Odoacer: The first Barbarian King of Italy. Took power in 476. This was considered the end of the Western Roman Empire.
65. Constantinople: p 175
The name that the Eastern Capitol of Rome was changed to from Byzantium. This was named from the ruler of Constantine
66. Justinian p.302
Justinian was a leader that unified the East/West Roman Empire and then decided to create a uniform code of laws, etc. This code was called the Justinian Code and was passed around 534 AD. This code consisted of four works: 1. The Code—5,000 laws useful for Byzantine Empire 2. The Digest—Opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers. 3. The Institutes—textbook that taught law students how to use the laws. 4. The Novellae –new laws that passed after 534.
SIG: Justinian created the Justinian Code that decided questions of the Byzantine Empire.
67. Christian Church split (1054) p, 302-3
During the Byzantine Empire, the Ease and the West Roman Empires grew differently in both political and religious beliefs. These differences caused a split in the church. The western church became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. The similarities between the two are: 1) that they based their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible, 2) used sacraments such as baptism, 3) religious leaders are priests and bishop, 4) and they sought to convert people.
However the differences included:
1) Roman Catholic Church conduced services in Latin and Eastern Orthodox conducted services in Greek or local languages.
2) Roman Catholic declared that the pope has authority over all bishops and the Eastern Orthodox believed in the Patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group.
3) Roman Catholic Pope claims authority over all kings and emperors and in the Eastern Orthodox Church the emperor claims authority over patriarch and other bishops
4) Roman Catholic Church does not believe in divorce and the Eastern Orthodox allows divorce in certain situations.
SIG: Christian church split into 2 churches that had similar beliefs as well as several differences in belief.
68. Muhammad and Islam p.264-8
Muhammad born 570 AD.—A prophet that introduced the religion of Muslim believing in only one God.
Islam –submission to the will of Allah. Main teaching is that there is only one God, Allah. They also teach that there is good and evil. All individuals are responsible for the actions of his or her life.
SIG: People who agreed to the basic principle of Islam (Allah is the one and only God) were called Muslims.
69. Five pillars of Islam: p. 267
The five duties needed to become a Muslim are known as the Five Pillars of Islam: 1. Faith: Have to testify “there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” 2. Prayer: Five times a day Muslins face toward Mecca to pray. 3. . Alms: Muslims show responsibility to support those less fortunate by giving alms, or money for the poor through a special religious tax. 4. Fasting: During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslins fast between dawn and sunset. 5. Pilgrimage: Muslims perform the hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca at least once.
70. Jihad: p. 269
Abu-Bakr invoked the word jihad which means “striving” and can refer to the inner struggle against evil, or the struggle against unbelievers.
71. Shi’ites and Sunni Muslims: p. 271
Shi’ites are members of the group called Shi’a meaning the “party of Ali”
Sunni: the members who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads were known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example
72. Islamic Arts and Sciences: p. 276-278
Muslim arts were colorful and did not contain images of living beings. The ways that Muslims expressed themselves through art were 1. Arabesque decorations—complex, ornate designs. 2. Calligraphy or ornamental writing. 3. Geometric Patterns
Sciences: There were two ideas that Muslim scholars introduced to modern math & sciences: 1. Reliance on scientific observation & experimentation 2. The ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems.
Medical advances were seen by the Persian scholar named al-Razi, named the greatest physician of the world civilization between AD 500-1500. Muslims believed that math was the basis of all knowledge. Al-Khwarizmi (born 700) wrote a book explaining the “art of bringing together unknown to match a known quantity). Today this work is called Algebra.
Advances were seen in the study of astronomy. Ibn al-Haytham wrote a book called Optics that revolutionized vision. His studies were used in developing lenses for telescope and microscopes. Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by conducting experiments in laboratory settings.
73. Slavs: p 307
A people from the forests north of the Black Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern Europe today
74.Ottomans p. 507
The most successful ghazi (warriors for Islam) was Osman. His followers were called Ottomans. The Ottoman’s military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder.
75. Clovis: p. 354
The leader of a Germanic people called Franks. Clovis helped bring Christianity to the Roman province of Gaul. 496-511 AD
76. Benedict: p. 355
Around 520 an Italian Monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries.
77. Gregory I: p. 355
Gregory I made the idea of a churchly kingdom ruled by the Pope—central theme of the Middle Ages. 590 AD Gregory I (Gregory the Great) became Pope, head of the Church of Rome. He made the authority of the Pope go beyond Region and made the papacy become a worldly power involved in politics. Gregory I made the pope’s palace the center of Roman government.
78. Merovingian Kings:
A group within the Franks that invaded Rome during the late 400s AD. The 1st
Merovingian King was Childeric who died in 482. Clovis was his son and the first Christian Merovingian king. There were quite a few Merovingian kings that usually died by the hands of an assassin. The last king was Dagobert II
79. Charlemagne: p. 357
771, Charles the Great—known as Charlemagne—ruled the Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome. By 800, he had become the most powerful king in Western Europe. In 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as emperor. This was historic the pope had claimed the political right to confer the title “Roman Emperor”. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church and the heritage of the Roman Empire.
80. Vikings: p. 358
The Vikings, also called Northmen or Norsemen, were a Germanic People. They worshiped warlike gods and had “savage-type” nicknames. The Vikings were warriors, traders, farmers, and explorers. The Vikings reached North America around 1000 AD.
81. Feudalism: p. 361
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
82. Manor system: p. 360
During the Middle Ages, the manor system was the basic economic arrangement. The major system rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs. The lord provided the serf with housing, farmland, and protection from bandits. In return, serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.
83. Bourgeoisie: p. 376
The middle class “haves”.
85. Guild p. 388
An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The first guilds were merchant guilds.
86. Cluny: p. 379
The monastery founded at Cluny in France in 910 was important because they wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion. They did so by establishing new religious orders and expanded its power and authority.
87. Lay investiture p. 372
A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture.
88. Concordat of Worms p. 372
1122. Representative of the Church and the emperor met in the German city or Worms and reached a compromise (Concordat of Worms) that set terms saying the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.
89. The Inquisition: p. 384
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400’s.
90. Francis of Assisi: p. 380
An Italian that founded another order of friars, the Franciscans. Francis treated all creatures, including animals, as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters. Francis of Assisi and Clare founded the Franciscan order for women in 1212.
91. Romanesque and Gothic Styles: p. 380
Romanesque Style: A style of architecture of churches/cathedrals that were built between 800 and 1100. These churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The thick walls had tiny windows that let in little light.
Gothic Style: This style of architecture began in the early 1100s. Gothic cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven. Light streamed in through huge stained glass windows. This architecture was meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God.
92. The Norman Conquest p. 393-4
The invader was Willam, duke of Normandy, who became known as William the Conqueror. William’s rival was Harold Godwinson. Oct 14. 1066 Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the battle of Hastings. After victory, William declared all England his personal property. William granted lands to about 200 Norman Lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally.
SIG: William unified control of the lands and laid the foundation for centralized government in England.
93. The capetian dynasty—p. 396
Hugh Capet began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328.
94. Frederick Barbarossa p. 373
German Ruler Frederick I, nicknamed Barbarossa for his red beard. Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire. His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes. In 1176 Italian soldiers of the Lombard League battled Frederick’s army at the Battle of Legnano and defeated them. Frederick made peace with the Pope and returned to Germany
95. Describe the revival of learning in the late 1100s p. 367
The themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare. Stories idealized castle life, glorified knighthood and chivalry, tournaments and real battles. Songs and poems about a knight’s undying love for a lady were very popular
96. Thomas Aquinas p. 392
In the mid 1200’s, Thomas Aquinas, a scholar argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. Between 1267 and 1273, Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologicae. It combined ancient Greek thought with the Christian thoughts of his time.
SIG: Their teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of western Europeans, particularly the English & French 97. Chivalry p. 365
A code of behavior for Knights in medieval Europe (late 1100’s) stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty and devotion.
98. The Crusades—p. 382
A crusade is a Holy War fought to gain control of the Holy Land. Lasted for 300 years with the first crusade beginning early 1097.
99. Joan of Arc p.402-403
In 1429, French peasant girl named Joan of Arc felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. She led the French army into several battles, but was caught by English Allies in 1430. She was turned over to Church authorities and burned at the stake because she had been condemned as a witch and heretic.
100. Magna Carta p. 394
The Magna Carter (Great Charter) was signed by King John of England on June 15, 1215 and guaranteed rights that included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law applied to every citizen.
SIG: these are now considered basic legal rights both in England and in the United States.
101. Parliament: p 395
A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. Started in 1295 by English king, Edward I.
102. Louis IX p. 396
French ruler from 1226-1270. He was known as the “ideal king” He created a French appeals court, which could overturn the decisions of local courts. This strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties.
103. Estates General p. 397
In France, the Church leaders were known as the First Estate and the great lords as the Second Estate. The commoners, wealthy landholders or merchants became known as the Third Estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates General. The Estates-General helped to increase royal power against nobility.
104. Nation-state p. 687
An independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity
105. Boniface VIII—p. 398
In 1300 pone Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as previous popes had. King Philip IV of France asserted his authority of French bishops. Boniface responded with an official document stating that Kings must always obey popes. Instead of obeying the pope, Philip had him held prisoner. The pope was rescued
SIG: Never again would a pope be able to force monarchs to obey them
106. “Babylonian Captivity” -- p. 82
738 BC – 445 BC
107. The Great Schism—p.399
In 1378, the College of Cardinals met to choose a new pope. They voted on an Italian Pope named Pope Urban VI. They then elected a second pope a few months later that was French. There were now 2 popes. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism, or division.
108. John Wycliffe and John Huss—p 399
John Wycliffe was an Englishman that preached Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. Wycliffe taught that the Bible alone—not the pope—was the final authority for Christian Life. He spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible
John Hus was a professor in Bohemia that was influenced by Wycliffe’s teachings. Jan Hus taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was excommunicated in 1412, seized by the Church leaders in 1414, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake in 1415.
109. The Black Death—p. 399
In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying bubonic plague, known also as Black Death. It got the name because of the purplish/blackish spots it produced on the skin. Approximately 1/3 of the population of Europe died of this deadly disease.
110. The Hundred Years War—p. 401
England’s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne and began the war known as the Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453. The French and English passed victory back and forth.
SIG: The end of the Hundred Year’s War in 1453 was considered the end of the Middle Ages.
111. Nationalism: p687
Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
112. The War of the Roses: p.403
When the English suffered a period of internal turmoil in which two noble houses fought for the throne between 1455 and 1485.
113. Isabella and Ferdinand: p. 384
Spanish Monarchs that wanted to unify their country (Spain) under Christianity and to increase their power. To do this, they used the “inquisition” which was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy. Many Jews and Muslims in Spain converted to Christianity. In 1492, the monarch expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain.
114. Czar—p311.
A Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar).
115. Ivan IV—p 608
Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, came to the Russian throne in 1533 when he was 3 years of age. Ivan crowned himself czar (meaning “Caesar”) at the age of 16 and was the first Russian rule to use this title officially. From 1547-1560 was Ivan’s “good period”. He won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly. Then in 1560, Anastasia, his wife, died and thus began Ivan’s “bad period”. He organized his own police force that hunted down and murdered people that Ivan considered traitors. Thousands of people died. In 1581, Ivan killed his eldest son during a quarrel and then died 3 years later to leave his weak second son to rule.
116. Sui—
The Sui Dynasty (489-618) for the first time unified China after 4 decades of north/south division.
117. T’ang—p. 323
The Tang emperor who began the dynasty that ruled nearly 300 years (618-907) was Tang Taizong. Under the Tang rulers, the empire expanded and they further strengthened the central government of China. They expanded the network of roads and canals. They also promoted foreign trade and improvements in agriculture.
118. Sung—p. 324
In 960, after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, a general named Taizu reunited China and proclaimed himself the first Song (Sung) Emperor. The Sung Dynasty lasted about 300 years (960-1270). China remained stable, powerful, and prosperous. By the Song era, China had become the most populous and the most advanced country in the world.
119. Chinese Technology @600—p.
120. Genghis Khan—p. 309
Nomads from Russia called Mongols were a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia in the 1200s. Genghis Khan, their leader, was one of the most feared warriors of all time. The Mongols were known for their savage killing and burning and won them a reputation for ruthless brutality. Genghis Khan died in 1227.
121. Kublai Khan—
1215-1294 was a Mongolian ruler that was not the same as the brutal warriors before him. Under Kublai Khan, China’s culture developed in many ways. He established paper currency, reorganized and improved roads, and expanded waterways.
122. Marco Polo—p. 337
Marco Polo was a young Venetian trader that traveled on the Silk Roads with his father and uncle. He arrived at Kublai Khan’s court around 1275. He went to several Chinese cities on government missions. Polo served Kublai Khan for 17 years. In 1292, he left the city and traveled back to Venice where he was captured in Genoa. In prison, Polo told of his fabulous travels and described China as the greatest civilization he had visited in the world. Many people did not believe anything he told or wrote; however, Marco Polo knew China was the greatest civilization! 123. Ming—p. 538
The first Ming Emperor was Hongwu. He commanded the rebel army and drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. The Ming Dynasty was from 1368-1644 and became the most dominant power in Asia.
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The Babylonian empire brought the first code of laws that applied to all citizens. It also gave rights to women and slaves. Individuals felt a sense of fairness and hope under this rule. They pursued interests that went beyond survival and took pride in their achievements. Their craftwork flourished and made Babylonia an important center of trade. The Babylonian empire’s…
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Mesopotamia is often referred to as the first civilization in history. Named after it’s geographical location, “land between two rivers,” Mesopotamia was settled between the…
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One of King Hammurabi’s lasting legacies is the inception of written laws, beginning with The Code of Hammurabi, circa 1800 BCE. Arguably, this diorite stele set forth precedents that to some degree, still hold true today such as equal retaliation as well as protection against the most vulnerable from the injustices of mobocracy and tyranny. He addressed various aspects of Babylonian life through the code, including marriage, agriculture, social strata and consequences for violating the code. Hammurabi considered himself a benevolent dictator; vowing to never undermine the laws he had established despite his status as king, and ruled with an iron fist with justification from the Gods. By making these laws public knowledge to every civilian,…
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The Code of Hammurabi was written by King Hammurabi in Babylon’s First Dynasty (1792 BCE-1750 BCE), where he was known for uniting Mesopotamia under one centralized government (Tignor 113). The Code consisted of more than 300 decisions or punishments to a wide variety of crimes committed, and were inscribed on a stone pillar that measured more than seven feet tall and six feet in circumference (Andrea, and Overfield 13). Although not much is known about King Hammurabi, his motives for writing the code of laws were believed to maintain order in Mesopotamia which he wanted to last forever (Andrea, and Overfield 13).…
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The Code of Hammurabi was written by King Hammurabi, who began ruling the Babylonian Empire in about 1800 BC. Hammurabi came to power using his strengths as a military leader, conquering many smaller city-states to create his Empire. Hammurabi believed that the gods appointed him to bring justice and order to his people, and he took this duty very seriously. Not long after his ascent to power, he created his Code, 282 laws written to define all relationships and aspects of life in the kingdom. The laws were displayed in a public place so that all the people could have the opportunity to study them. The laws applied to everyone, though application of the laws and punishment differed according to social class. The punishments for disobeying the laws were swift and harsh, further encouraging compliance.…
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